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Abstract
Stage 55, T3 exposure for 24 hours.
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Abstract
stage 55 control samples, No T3 Exposure.
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Abstract
Stage 55, T3 exposure for 12 hours.
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Abstract
stage 55 control samples, No T3 Exposure.
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Abstract
Stage 55, T3 exposure for 12 hours.
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Abstract
adult frog no T3 treatment.
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Abstract
adult frog no T3 treatment.
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Abstract
Stage 55, T3 exposure for 48 hours.
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Abstract
MgSiO3 akimotoite is stable relative to majorite-garnet under low-temperature geotherms within steeply or rapidly subducting slabs. Two compositions of Mg-akimotoite were synthesized under similar conditions: Z674 (containing about 550 ppm wt H2O) was synthesized at 22 GPa and 1,500 A degrees C and SH1101 (nominally anhydrous) was synthesized at 22 GPa and 1,250 A degrees C. Crystal structures of both samples differ significantly from previous studies to give slightly smaller Si sites and larger Mg sites. The bulk thermal expansion coefficients of Z674 are (153-839 K) of a (1) = 20(3) x 10(-9) K-2 and a (0) = 17(2) x 10(-6) K-1, with an average of alpha (0) = 27.1(6) x 10(-6) K-1. Compressibility at ambient temperature of Z674 was measured up to 34.6 GPa at Sector 13 (GSECARS) at Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory. The second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (BM2 EoS) fitting yields: V (0) = 263.7(2) (3), K (T0) = 217(3) GPa (K' fixed at 4). The anisotropies of axial thermal expansivities and compressibilities are similar: alpha (a) = 8.2(3) and alpha (c) = 10.68(9) (10(-6) K-1); beta (a) = 11.4(3) and beta (c) = 15.9(3) (10(-4) GPa). Hydration increases both the bulk thermal expansivity and compressibility, but decreases the anisotropy of structural expansion and compression. Complementary Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows multiple structural hydration sites. Low-temperature and high-pressure FTIR spectroscopy (15-300 K and 0-28 GPa) confirms that the multiple sites are structurally unique, with zero-pressure intrinsic anharmonic mode parameters between -1.02 x 10(-5) and +1.7 x 10(-5) K-1, indicating both weak hydrogen bonds (O-H center dot center dot center dot O) and strong OH bonding due to long O center dot center dot center dot O distances.
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Abstract
During the climax of amphibian metamorphosis many tadpole organs remodel. The different remodeling strategies are controlled by thyroid hormone (TH). The liver, skin, and tail fibroblasts shut off tadpole genes and activate frog genes in the same cell without DNA replication. We refer to this as "gene switching". In contrast, the exocrine pancreas and the intestinal epithelium dedifferentiate to a progenitor state and then redifferentiate to the adult cell type. Tadpole and adult globin are not present in the same cell. Switching from red cells containing tadpole-specific globin to those with frog glob it in the liver occurs at a progenitor cell stage of development and is preceded by DNA replication. Red cel switching is the only one of these remodeling strategies that resembles a stem cell mechanism. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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