The recent inference of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere of the hot (approximately 1,100K), Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b from near-infrared JWST observations1-3 suggests that photochemistry is a key process in high-temperature exoplanet atmospheres4. This is because of the low (<1ppb) abundance of SO2 under thermochemical equilibrium compared with that produced from the photochemistry of H2O and H2S (1-10ppm)4-9. However, the SO2 inference was made from a single, small molecular feature in the transmission spectrum of WASP-39b at 4.05mum and, therefore, the detection of other SO2 absorption bands at different wavelengths is needed to better constrain the SO2 abundance. Here we report the detection of SO2 spectral features at 7.7 and 8.5mum in the 5-12-mum transmission spectrum of WASP-39b measured by the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS)10. Our observations suggest an abundance of SO2 of 0.5-25ppm (1sigma range), consistent with previous findings4. As well as SO2, we find broad water-vapour absorption features, as well as an unexplained decrease in the transit depth at wavelengths longer than 10mum. Fitting the spectrum with a grid of atmospheric forward models, we derive an atmospheric heavy-element content (metallicity) for WASP-39b of approximately 7.1-8.0 times solar and demonstrate that photochemistry shapes the spectra of WASP-39b across a broad wavelength range.

Elucidating the role of sulfur on the structure of silicate glasses and melts at elevated pressures and temperatures is important for understanding transport properties, such as electrical conductivity and viscosity, of magma oceans and mantle-derived melts. These properties are fundamental for modeling the evolution of terrestrial planets and moons. Despite several investigations of sulfur speciation in glasses, questions remain regarding the effect of S on complex glasses at highly reducing conditions relevant to Mercury. Glasses were synthetized with compositions representative of the Northern Volcanic Plains of Mercury and containing quantities of S up to 5 wt %. Multiple spectroscopic methods and microprobe analyses were employed to probe the glasses, including in situ impedance spectroscopy at 2- and 4-GPa pressures and temperatures up to 1740 K using a multi-anvil press, Si-29 NMR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrical activation energies (Ea) in the glassy state range from 0.56 to 1.10 eV, in agreement with sodium as the main charge carrier. The electrical measurements indicate that sulfide improves Na+ transport and may overcome a known impeding effect of the divalent cation Ca2+. The glass transition temperature lies between 700 and 750 K, and for temperatures up to 970 K Ea decreases (0.35-0.68 eV) and the conductivities of the samples converge (similar to 5-8 x 10(-3) S/m). At T-quench, the melt fraction is 50-70% and melt conductivity varies from 0.7 to 2.2 S/m, with the sample containing 5 wt% S the most conductive among the set. Si-29 NMR spectra reveal that a high fraction of S bonds with Si in these complex glasses, a characteristic that has not been recognized previously. Raman spectra and maps reveal regions rich in Ca-S or Mg-S bonds. The evidence of sulfide interactions with both Si and Ca/Mg suggest that alkaline earth sulfides can be considered weak network modifiers in these glasses, under highly reduced conditions.

Oxygen (O2), a dominant element in the atmosphere and essential for most life on Earth, is produced by the photosynthetic oxidation of water. However, metabolic activity can cause accumulation of reactive O2 species (ROS) and severe cell damage. To identify and characterize mechanisms enabling cells to cope with ROS, we performed a high-throughput O2 sensitivity screen on a genome-wide insertional mutant library of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This screen led to identification of a gene encoding a protein designated Rubisco methyltransferase 2 (RMT2). Although homologous to methyltransferases, RMT2 has not been experimentally demonstrated to have methyltransferase activity. Furthermore, the rmt2 mutant was not compromised for Rubisco (first enzyme of Calvin-Benson Cycle) levels but did exhibit a marked decrease in accumulation/activity of photosystem I (PSI), which causes light sensitivity, with much less of an impact on other photosynthetic complexes. This mutant also shows increased accumulation of Ycf3 and Ycf4, proteins critical for PSI assembly. Rescue of the mutant phenotype with a wild-type (WT) copy of RMT2 fused to the mNeonGreen fluorophore indicates that the protein localizes to the chloroplast and appears to be enriched in/around the pyrenoid, an intrachloroplast compartment present in many algae that is packed with Rubisco and potentially hypoxic. These results indicate that RMT2 serves an important role in PSI biogenesis which, although still speculative, may be enriched around or within the pyrenoid.

The multi-pass transmembrane protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) is an immune regulator in Ara-bidopsis thaliana with an unclear biochemical mode of action. We have identified two loci, MODULATOR OF HYPERACTIVE ACD6 1 (MHA1) and its paralog MHA1-LIKE (MHA1L), that code for-7 kDa proteins, which differentially interact with specific ACD6 variants. MHA1L enhances the accumulation of an ACD6 complex, thereby increasing the activity of the ACD6 standard allele for regulating plant growth and defenses. The intracellular ankyrin repeats of ACD6 are structurally similar to those found in mammalian ion channels. Several lines of evidence link increased ACD6 activity to enhanced calcium influx, with MHA1L as a direct regulator of ACD6, indicating that peptide-regulated ion channels are not restricted to animals.

We present optical, infrared, ultraviolet, and radio observations of SN 2022xkq, an underluminous fast-declining Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) in NGC 1784 (D approximate to 31 Mpc), from <1 to 180 days after explosion. The high-cadence observations of SN 2022xkq, a photometrically transitional and spectroscopically 91bg-like SN Ia, cover the first days and weeks following explosion, which are critical to distinguishing between explosion scenarios. The early light curve of SN 2022xkq has a red early color and exhibits a flux excess that is more prominent in redder bands; this is the first time such a feature has been seen in a transitional/91bg-like SN Ia. We also present 92 optical and 19 near-infrared (NIR) spectra, beginning 0.4 days after explosion in the optical and 2.6 days after explosion in the NIR. SN 2022xkq exhibits a long-lived C i 1.0693 mu m feature that persists until 5 days post-maximum. We also detect C ii lambda 6580 in the pre-maximum optical spectra. These lines are evidence for unburnt carbon that is difficult to reconcile with the double detonation of a sub-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. No existing explosion model can fully explain the photometric and spectroscopic data set of SN 2022xkq, but the considerable breadth of the observations is ideal for furthering our understanding of the processes that produce faint SNe Ia.

The connection between galaxies and dark matter halos is often quantified using the stellar mass-halo mass (SMHM) relation. Optical and near-infrared imaging surveys have led to a broadly consistent picture of the evolving SMHM relation based on measurements of galaxy abundances and angular correlation functions. Spectroscopic surveys at z greater than or similar to 2 can also constrain the SMHM relation via the galaxy autocorrelation function and through the cross-correlation between galaxies and Ly alpha absorption measured in transverse sight lines; however, such studies are very few and have produced some unexpected or inconclusive results. We use similar to 3000 spectra of z similar to 2.5 galaxies from the Ly alpha Tomography IMACS Survey (LATIS) to measure the galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-Ly alpha correlation functions in four bins of stellar mass spanning 10(9.2) less than or similar to M-*/M-circle dot less than or similar to 10(10.5). Parallel analyses of the MultiDark N-body and ASTRID hydrodynamic cosmological simulations allow us to model the correlation functions, estimate covariance matrices, and infer halo masses. We find that results of the two methods are mutually consistent and broadly accord with standard SMHM relations. This consistency demonstrates that we are able to measure and model Ly alpha transmission fluctuations delta(F) in LATIS accurately. We also show that the galaxy-Ly alpha cross-correlation, a free by-product of optical spectroscopic galaxy surveys at these redshifts, can constrain halo masses with similar precision to galaxy-galaxy clustering.

The search for definitive biosignatures-unambiguous markers of past or present life-is a central goal of paleobiology and astrobiology. We used pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to analyze chemically disparate samples, including living cells, geologically processed fossil organic material, carbon-rich meteorites, and laboratory-synthesized organic compounds and mixtures. Data from each sample were employed as training and test subsets for machine-learning methods, which resulted in a model that can identify the biogenicity of both contemporary and ancient geologically processed samples with similar to 90% accuracy. These machine-learning methods do not rely on precise compound identification: Rather, the relational aspects of chromatographic and mass peaks provide the needed information, which underscores this method's utility for detecting alien biology.

For the first time on Mars, the crystalline magnesium-sulfate mineral starkeyite (MgSO4 center dot 4H(2)O) was definitively identified using the CheMin X-ray diffraction instrument at Gale crater. At the Canaima drill site, starkeyite along with amorphous MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O are among the "polyhydrated Mg-sulfates" interpreted in orbital reflectance spectra. Mg-sulfates are good climate indicators as they are very responsive to changes in temperature and relative humidity. We hypothesize that, through evaporation, Mg-sulfates formed at the end of brine evolution when ion concentrations became saturated and precipitated on the surface or near sub-surface as either epsomite or meridianiite. These minerals were subsequently dehydrated later to starkeyite and amorphous MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O in response to a drier Mars. At Canaima, starkeyite is stable and would form during the warmer Mars summers. Due to very slow kinetics at the low Mars winter temperatures, starkeyite and amorphous MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O would be resistant to recrystallize to more hydrous forms and thus likely persist year-round. During the course of analyses, starkeyite transforms into amorphous MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O inside the rover body due to the elevated temperature and greatly reduced relative humidity compared to the martian surface at the Canaima drill site. It is possible that crystalline sulfate minerals existed in earlier samples measured by CheMin but altered inside the rover before they could be analyzed. Starkeyite is most likely prevalent in the subsurface, whereas both starkeyite and amorphous MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O are likely present on the surface as starkeyite could partially transform into amorphous MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O due to direct solar heating.

The origin of Earth's volatile elements is highly debated. Comparing the chalcogen isotope ratios in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) to those of its possible building blocks, chondritic meteorites, allows constraints on the origin of Earth's volatiles; however, these comparisons are complicated by potential isotopic fractionation during protoplanetary differentiation, which largely remains poorly understood. Using first-principles calculations, we find that core-mantle differentiation does not notably fractionate selenium and tellurium isotopes, while equilibrium evaporation from early planetesimals would enrich selenium and tellurium in heavy isotopes in the BSE. The sulfur, selenium, and tellurium isotopic signatures of the BSE reveal that protoplanetary differentiation plays a key role in establishing most of Earth's volatile elements, and a late veneer does not substantially contribute to the BSE's volatile inventory.