We describe new JWST/NIRSpec observations of galaxies at z greater than or similar to 7 taken from the CEERS survey. Previous observations of this area have revealed associations of Ly alpha emitters at redshifts (z = 7.5, 7.7, and 8.7) where the intergalactic medium (IGM) is thought to be mostly neutral, leading to suggestions that these systems are situated in large ionized bubbles. We identify 21 z greater than or similar to 7 galaxies with robust redshifts in the CEERS data set, including 10 in the Ly alpha associations. Their spectra are indicative of very highly ionized and metal poor gas, with line ratios (O32 = 17.84 and Ne3O2 = 0.89, linear scale) and metallicity (12+log (O/H)=7.84) that are rarely seen at lower redshifts. We find that the most extreme spectral properties are found in the six z greater than or similar to 7 Ly alpha emitters in the sample. Each has a hard ionizing spectrum indicating that their visibility is likely enhanced by efficient ionizing photon production. Ly alpha velocity offsets are found to be very large (greater than or similar to 300 km s(-1)), likely also contributing to their detectability. We find that Ly alpha in z greater than or similar to 7 galaxies is 6-12 x weaker than in lower redshift samples with matched rest-optical spectral properties. If the bubbles around the Ly alpha emitters are relatively small (less than or similar to 0.5-1 pMpc), we may expect such significant attenuation of Ly alpha in these ionized regions. We discuss several other effects that may contribute to weaker Ly alpha emission at z greater than or similar to 7. Deep spectroscopy of fainter galaxies in the vicinity of the Ly alpha emitters will better characterize the physical scale of the ionized bubbles in this field.

Local Volume Mapper Spectrograph Control Package (LVMSCP) is the software that controls three spectrographs to acquire science spectral data cubes automatically. The software architecture design based on Python 3.9 follows a hierarchical structure of Actors, the unit that controls each piece of hardware. We used the software framework Codified Likeness Utility to implement each Actor. The Actors communicate with each other through RabbitMQ, which implements the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. The Actor applies asynchronous programming with non-blocking procedures as the three spectrographs should operate simultaneously. For the requirement of incremental code change and management in the collaboration of the developers, we adopted the SDSS Github Action, which supports continuous integration/continuous deployment. As a result, unit testing with Pytest tested the individual components of the software, respectively, and lab testing with LVMSCP provided the spectra data for the spectrograph calibration. The LVMSCP provides the application programming interface to the Robotic Observation Package to fulfill the required scientific survey execution for the spectrographs.(c) 2023 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

We consider the general problem of a Parker-type non-relativistic isothermal wind from a rotating and magnetic star. Using the magnetohydrodynamics code athena++, we construct an array of simulations in the stellar rotation rate omega* and the isothermal sound speed cT, and calculate the mass, angular momentum, and energy loss rates across this parameter space. We also briefly consider the 3D case, with misaligned magnetic and rotation axes. We discuss applications of our results to the spin-down of normal stars, highly irradiated exoplanets, and to nascent highly magnetic and rapidly rotating neutron stars born in massive star core-collapse.

Rapidly rotating magnetars have been associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). Using a suite of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations at fixed neutrino luminosity and a couple of evolutionary models with evolving neutrino luminosity and magnetar spin period, we show that magnetars are viable central engines for powering GRBs and SLSNe. We also present analytical estimates of the energy outflow rate from the proto-neutron star (PNS) as a function of polar magnetic field strength B-0, PNS angular velocity Omega(star), PNS radius R-star, and mass outflow rate (M)over dot. We show that rapidly rotating magnetars with spin periods P-star less than or similar to 4 ms and polar magnetic field strength B-0 greater than or similar to 10(15) G can release 10(50) to 5 x 10(51) erg of energy during the first similar to 2 s of the cooling phase. Based on this result, it is plausible that sustained energy injection by magnetars through the relativistic wind phase can power GRBs. We also show that magnetars with moderate field strengths of B-0 less than or similar to 5 x 10(14) G do not release a large fraction of their rotational kinetic energy during the cooling phase and, hence, are not likely to power GRBs. Although we cannot simulate to times greater than similar to 3-5 s after a supernova, we can hypothesize that moderate field strength magnetars can brighten the supernova light curves by releasing their rotational kinetic energy via magnetic dipole radiation on time-scales of days to weeks, since these do not expend most of their rotational kinetic energy during the early cooling phase.

M dwarfs are common host stars to exoplanets but often lack atmospheric abundance measurements. Late-M dwarfs are also good analogs to the youngest substellar companions, which share similar T-eff similar to 2300-2800 K. We present atmospheric analyses for the M7.5 companion HIP 55507 B and its K6V primary star with Keck/KPIC high-resolution (R similar to 35,000) K-band spectroscopy. First, by including KPIC relative radial velocities between the primary and secondary in the orbit fit, we improve the dynamical mass precision by 60% and find M-B=88.0(-3.2)(+3.4 )M(Jup), putting HIP 55507 B above the stellar-substellar boundary. We also find that HIP 55507 B orbits its K6V primary star with a=38(-3)(+4) au and e = 0.40 +/- 0.04. From atmospheric retrievals of HIP 55507 B, we measure [C/H] = 0.24 +/- 0.13, [O/H] = 0.15 +/- 0.13, and C/O = 0.67 +/- 0.04. Moreover, we strongly detect (CO)-C-13 (7.8 sigma significance) and tentatively detect (H2O)-O-18 (3.7 sigma significance) in the companion's atmosphere and measure (CO)-C-12/(CO)-C-13=98(-22)(+28 )and (H2O)-O-16/(H2O)-O-18=240(-80)(+145) after accounting for systematic errors. From a simplified retrieval analysis of HIP 55507 A, we measure (CO)-C-12/(CO)-C-13=79(-16)(+21) and (CO)-O-16/(CO)-O-18=288(-70)(+125) for the primary star. These results demonstrate that HIP 55507 A and B have consistent C-12/C-13 and O-16/O-18 to the <1 sigma level, as expected for a chemically homogeneous binary system. Given the similar flux ratios and separations between HIP 55507 AB and systems with young substellar companions, our results open the door to systematically measuring (CO)-C-13 and (H2O)-O-18 abundances in the atmospheres of substellar or even planetary-mass companions with similar spectral types.

We present new optical transmission spectra for two hot Jupiters: WASP-25b (M = 0.56 M ( J ); R = 1.23 R ( J ); P = 3.76 days) and WASP-124b (M = 0.58 M ( J ); R = 1.34 R ( J ); P = 3.37 days), with wavelength coverages of 4200-9100 & ANGS; and 4570-9940 & ANGS;, respectively. These spectra are from the ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (v.2) mounted on the New Technology Telescope and Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera & Spectrograph on Magellan Baade. No strong spectral features were found in either spectra, with the data probing 4 and 6 scale heights, respectively. Exoretrievals and PLATON retrievals favor stellar activity for WASP-25b, while the data for WASP-124b did not favor one model over another. For both planets the retrievals found a wide range in the depths where the atmosphere could be optically thick (& SIM;0.4 & mu;-0.2 bars for WASP-25b and 1.6 & mu;-32 bars for WASP-124b) and recovered a temperature that is consistent with the planets' equilibrium temperatures, but with wide uncertainties (up to & PLUSMN;430 K). For WASP-25b, the models also favor stellar spots that are & SIM;500-3000 K cooler than the surrounding photosphere. The fairly weak constraints on parameters are owing to the relatively low precision of the data, with an average precision of 840 and 1240 ppm per bin for WASP-25b and WASP-124b, respectively. However, some contribution might still be due to an inherent absence of absorption or scattering in the planets' upper atmospheres, possibly because of aerosols. We attempt to fit the strength of the sodium signals to the aerosol-metallicity trend proposed by McGruder et al., and find WASP-25b and WASP-124b are consistent with the prediction, though their uncertainties are too large to confidently confirm the trend.

We use the Gaia EDR3 to explore the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G272.2-3.2, produced by the explosion of a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) about 7500 yr ago, to search for a surviving companion. From the abundances in the SNR ejecta, G272.2-3.2 is a normal SN Ia. The Gaia parallaxes allow us to select the stars located within the estimated distance range of the SNR, and the Gaia proper motions allow us to study their kinematics. From the Gaia EDR3 photometry, we construct the H-R diagram of the selected sample, which we compare with the theoretical predictions for the evolution of possible star companions of SNe Ia. We can discard several proposed types of companions by combining kinematics and photometry. We can also discard hypervelocity stars. We focus our study on the kinematically most peculiar star, Gaia EDR3 5323900215411075328 (hereafter MV-G272), an 8.9 sigma outlier in proper motion. It is of M1-M2 stellar type. Its trajectory on the sky locates it at the center of the SNR, 6000-8000 yr ago, a unique characteristic among the sample. Spectra allow a stellar parameter determination and a chemical abundance analysis. In conclusion, we have a candidate to be the surviving companion of the SN Ia that resulted in SNR G272.2-3.2. It is supported by its kinematical characteristics and its trajectory within the SNR. This opens the possibility of a single-degenerate scenario for an SN Ia with an M-type dwarf companion.

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft successfully performed the first test of a kinetic impactor for asteroid deflection by impacting Dimorphos, the secondary of near-Earth binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, and changing the orbital period of Dimorphos. A change in orbital period of approximately 7 min was expected if the incident momentum from the DART spacecraft was directly transferred to the asteroid target in a perfectly inelastic collision1, but studies of the probable impact conditions and asteroid properties indicated that a considerable momentum enhancement (beta) was possible(2,3). In the years before impact, we used lightcurve observations to accurately determine the pre-impact orbit parameters of Dimorphos with respect to Didymos(4-6). Here we report the change in the orbital period of Dimorphos as a result of the DART kinetic impact to be -33.0 +/- 1.0 (3 sigma) min. Using new Earth-based lightcurve and radar observations, two independent approaches determined identical values for the change in the orbital period. This large orbit period change suggests that ejecta contributed a substantial amount of momentum to the asteroid beyond what the DART spacecraft carried.