Femtosecond resolution electron scattering techniques are applied to resolve the first atomic-scale steps following absorption of a photon in the prototypical hybrid perovskite methylammonium lead iodide. Following above-gap photoexcitation, we directly resolve the transfer of energy from hot carriers to the lattice by recording changes in the mean square atomic displacements on 10-ps time scales. Measurements of the time-dependent pair distribution function show an unexpected broadening of the iodine-iodine correlation function while preserving the Pb-I distance. This indicates the formation of a rotationally disordered halide octahedral structure developing on picosecond time scales. This work shows the important role of light-induced structural deformations within the inorganic sublattice in elucidating the unique optoelectronic functionality exhibited by hybrid perovskites and provides new understanding of hot carrier-lattice interactions, which fundamentally determine solar cell efficiencies.

We present the final results from our survey of luminous z similar to 5.5 quasars. This is the first systematic quasar survey focusing on quasars at z similar to 5.5, during the post-reionization epoch. It has been challenging to select quasars at 5.3 < z < 5.7 using conventional color selections, due to their similar optical colors to those of late-type stars, especially M dwarfs. We developed a new selection technique for z similar to 5.5 quasars based on optical, near-infrared (IR), and mid-IR photometry, using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), PanSTARR1 (PS1), the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Surveys-Large Area Survey, the UKIRT Hemisphere Survey, the VISTA Hemisphere Survey, and the Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer, covering similar to 11,000 deg(2) of high galactic latitude sky. In this paper, we present the discovery of 15 new quasars at 5.22 >= z >= 5.78. Together with results from Yang et al., our survey provides a complete, flux-limited sample of 31 quasars at 5.3 >= z >= 5.7. We measure the quasar spatial density at z similar to 5.5 and M1450 < -26.2. Our result is consistent with the rapid decline of the quasar spatial density from z = 5 to 6, with k = -0.66 +/- 0.05 (rho(z) alpha 10(kz)). In addition, we present a new survey using optical colors only from the full PS1 area for luminous quasars at z = 5.0-5.5, which is beyond the SDSS footprint, and report the preliminary results from this survey, including 51 new quasars discovered at 4.61 <= z <= 5.71.

Gene expression data from isolated endodermal cells after roots were treated with 140 mM NaCl for 20 hour Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated stele cells after roots were treated with 140 mM NaCl for 8 hour Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated endodermal cells after roots were treated with 140 mM NaCl for 32 hour Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated endodermal cells after roots were treated with 140 mM NaCl for 48 hour Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated stele cells Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated stele cells Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated stele cells after roots were treated with 140 mM NaCl for 1 hour Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.

Gene expression data from isolated stele cells after roots were treated with 140 mM NaCl for 1 hour Data quality was examined using the signal distribution of Affymetrix built-in controls (Spike-in and hybridization controls) using Expression Console software (Affymetrix) and AffyQCReport. GCRMA in R/Bioconductor was used for data normalization.