We have performed a systematic search for X-ray cavities in the hot gas of 51 galaxy groups with Chandra archival data. The cavities are identified based on two methods: subtracting an elliptical beta-model fitted to the X-ray surface brightness, and performing unsharp masking. Thirteen groups in the sample (similar to 25%) are identified as clearly containing cavities, with another 13 systems showing tentative evidence for such structures. We find tight correlations between the radial and tangential radii of the cavities, and between their size and projected distance from the group center, in quantitative agreement with the case for more massive clusters. This suggests that similar physical processes are responsible for cavity evolution and disruption in systems covering a large range in total mass. We see no clear association between the detection of cavities and the current 1.4 GHz radio luminosity of the central brightest group galaxy, but there is a clear tendency for systems with a cool core to be more likely to harbor detectable cavities. To test the efficiency of the adopted cavity detection procedures, we employ a set of mock images designed to mimic typical Chandra data of our sample, and find that the model-fitting approach is generally more reliable than unsharp masking for recovering cavity properties. Finally, we find that the detectability of cavities is strongly influenced by a few factors, particularly the signal-to-noise ratio of the data, and that the real fraction of X-ray groups with prominent cavities could be substantially larger than the 25%-50% suggested by our analysis.

We have performed a systematic search for X-ray cavities in the hot gas of 51 galaxy groups with Chandra archival data. The cavities are identified based on two methods: subtracting an elliptical beta-model fitted to the X-ray surface brightness, and performing unsharp masking. Thirteen groups in the sample (similar to 25%) are identified as clearly containing cavities, with another 13 systems showing tentative evidence for such structures. We find tight correlations between the radial and tangential radii of the cavities, and between their size and projected distance from the group center, in quantitative agreement with the case for more massive clusters. This suggests that similar physical processes are responsible for cavity evolution and disruption in systems covering a large range in total mass. We see no clear association between the detection of cavities and the current 1.4 GHz radio luminosity of the central brightest group galaxy, but there is a clear tendency for systems with a cool core to be more likely to harbor detectable cavities. To test the efficiency of the adopted cavity detection procedures, we employ a set of mock images designed to mimic typical Chandra data of our sample, and find that the model-fitting approach is generally more reliable than unsharp masking for recovering cavity properties. Finally, we find that the detectability of cavities is strongly influenced by a few factors, particularly the signal-to-noise ratio of the data, and that the real fraction of X-ray groups with prominent cavities could be substantially larger than the 25%-50% suggested by our analysis.

We present the first mid-IR study of galaxy groups in the nearby universe based on Spitzer MIPS observations of a sample of nine redshift-selected groups from the XMM-IMACS project, at z = 0.06. We find that on average the star-forming (SF) galaxy fraction in the groups is about 30% lower than the value in the field and 30% higher than in clusters. The SF fractions do not show any systematic dependence on group velocity dispersion, total stellar mass, or the presence of an X-ray emitting intragroup medium, but a weak anti-correlation is seen between SF fraction and projected galaxy density. However, even in the densest regions, the SF fraction in groups is still higher than that in cluster outskirts, suggesting that preprocessing of galaxies in group environments is not sufficient to explain the much lower SF fraction in clusters. The typical specific star formation rates (SFRs/M(*)) of SF galaxies in groups are similar to those in the field across a wide range of stellar mass (M(*) > 10(9.6) M(circle dot)), favoring a quickly acting mechanism that suppresses star formation to explain the overall smaller fraction of SF galaxies in groups. If galaxy -galaxy interactions are responsible, then the extremely low starburst galaxy fraction (<1%) implies a short timescale (similar to 0.1 Gyr) for any merger-induced starburst stage. Comparison to two rich clusters shows that clusters contain a population of massive SF galaxies with very low SFR (14% of all the galaxies with M(*) > 10(10) M(circle dot)), possibly as a consequence of ram pressure stripping being less efficient in removing gas frommoremassive galaxies.

We present the first mid-IR study of galaxy groups in the nearby universe based on Spitzer MIPS observations of a sample of nine redshift-selected groups from the XMM-IMACS project, at z = 0.06. We find that on average the star-forming (SF) galaxy fraction in the groups is about 30% lower than the value in the field and 30% higher than in clusters. The SF fractions do not show any systematic dependence on group velocity dispersion, total stellar mass, or the presence of an X-ray emitting intragroup medium, but a weak anti-correlation is seen between SF fraction and projected galaxy density. However, even in the densest regions, the SF fraction in groups is still higher than that in cluster outskirts, suggesting that preprocessing of galaxies in group environments is not sufficient to explain the much lower SF fraction in clusters. The typical specific star formation rates (SFRs/M(*)) of SF galaxies in groups are similar to those in the field across a wide range of stellar mass (M(*) > 10(9.6) M(circle dot)), favoring a quickly acting mechanism that suppresses star formation to explain the overall smaller fraction of SF galaxies in groups. If galaxy -galaxy interactions are responsible, then the extremely low starburst galaxy fraction (<1%) implies a short timescale (similar to 0.1 Gyr) for any merger-induced starburst stage. Comparison to two rich clusters shows that clusters contain a population of massive SF galaxies with very low SFR (14% of all the galaxies with M(*) > 10(10) M(circle dot)), possibly as a consequence of ram pressure stripping being less efficient in removing gas frommoremassive galaxies.

We present the first mid-IR study of galaxy groups in the nearby universe based on Spitzer MIPS observations of a sample of nine redshift-selected groups from the XMM-IMACS project, at z = 0.06. We find that on average the star-forming (SF) galaxy fraction in the groups is about 30% lower than the value in the field and 30% higher than in clusters. The SF fractions do not show any systematic dependence on group velocity dispersion, total stellar mass, or the presence of an X-ray emitting intragroup medium, but a weak anti-correlation is seen between SF fraction and projected galaxy density. However, even in the densest regions, the SF fraction in groups is still higher than that in cluster outskirts, suggesting that preprocessing of galaxies in group environments is not sufficient to explain the much lower SF fraction in clusters. The typical specific star formation rates (SFRs/M(*)) of SF galaxies in groups are similar to those in the field across a wide range of stellar mass (M(*) > 10(9.6) M(circle dot)), favoring a quickly acting mechanism that suppresses star formation to explain the overall smaller fraction of SF galaxies in groups. If galaxy -galaxy interactions are responsible, then the extremely low starburst galaxy fraction (<1%) implies a short timescale (similar to 0.1 Gyr) for any merger-induced starburst stage. Comparison to two rich clusters shows that clusters contain a population of massive SF galaxies with very low SFR (14% of all the galaxies with M(*) > 10(10) M(circle dot)), possibly as a consequence of ram pressure stripping being less efficient in removing gas frommoremassive galaxies.

We use Chandra and XMM-Newton to study the hot gas content in a sample of field early-type galaxies. We find that the L(X)-L(K) relationship is steeper for field galaxies than for comparable galaxies in groups and clusters. The low hot gas content of field galaxies with L(K) less than or similar to L(star) suggests that internal processes such as supernovae-driven winds or active galactic nucleus feedback expel hot gas from low-mass galaxies. Such mechanisms may be less effective in groups and clusters where the presence of an intragroup or intracluster medium can confine outflowing material. In addition, galaxies in groups and clusters may be able to accrete gas from the ambient medium. While there is a population of L(K) less than or similar to L(star) galaxies in groups and clusters that retain hot gas halos, some galaxies in these rich environments, including brighter galaxies, are largely devoid of hot gas. In these cases, the hot gas halos have likely been removed via ram pressure stripping. This suggests a very complex interplay between the intragroup/intracluster medium and hot gas halos of galaxies in rich environments, with the ambient medium helping to confine or even enhance the halos in some cases and acting to remove gas in others. In contrast, the hot gas content of more isolated galaxies is largely a function of the mass of the galaxy, with more massive galaxies able to maintain their halos, while in lower mass systems the hot gas escapes in outflowing winds.

We use Chandra and XMM-Newton to study the hot gas content in a sample of field early-type galaxies. We find that the L(X)-L(K) relationship is steeper for field galaxies than for comparable galaxies in groups and clusters. The low hot gas content of field galaxies with L(K) less than or similar to L(star) suggests that internal processes such as supernovae-driven winds or active galactic nucleus feedback expel hot gas from low-mass galaxies. Such mechanisms may be less effective in groups and clusters where the presence of an intragroup or intracluster medium can confine outflowing material. In addition, galaxies in groups and clusters may be able to accrete gas from the ambient medium. While there is a population of L(K) less than or similar to L(star) galaxies in groups and clusters that retain hot gas halos, some galaxies in these rich environments, including brighter galaxies, are largely devoid of hot gas. In these cases, the hot gas halos have likely been removed via ram pressure stripping. This suggests a very complex interplay between the intragroup/intracluster medium and hot gas halos of galaxies in rich environments, with the ambient medium helping to confine or even enhance the halos in some cases and acting to remove gas in others. In contrast, the hot gas content of more isolated galaxies is largely a function of the mass of the galaxy, with more massive galaxies able to maintain their halos, while in lower mass systems the hot gas escapes in outflowing winds.

We use Chandra and XMM-Newton to study the hot gas content in a sample of field early-type galaxies. We find that the L(X)-L(K) relationship is steeper for field galaxies than for comparable galaxies in groups and clusters. The low hot gas content of field galaxies with L(K) less than or similar to L(star) suggests that internal processes such as supernovae-driven winds or active galactic nucleus feedback expel hot gas from low-mass galaxies. Such mechanisms may be less effective in groups and clusters where the presence of an intragroup or intracluster medium can confine outflowing material. In addition, galaxies in groups and clusters may be able to accrete gas from the ambient medium. While there is a population of L(K) less than or similar to L(star) galaxies in groups and clusters that retain hot gas halos, some galaxies in these rich environments, including brighter galaxies, are largely devoid of hot gas. In these cases, the hot gas halos have likely been removed via ram pressure stripping. This suggests a very complex interplay between the intragroup/intracluster medium and hot gas halos of galaxies in rich environments, with the ambient medium helping to confine or even enhance the halos in some cases and acting to remove gas in others. In contrast, the hot gas content of more isolated galaxies is largely a function of the mass of the galaxy, with more massive galaxies able to maintain their halos, while in lower mass systems the hot gas escapes in outflowing winds.

We introduce our survey of galaxy groups at 0.85 < z < 1, as an extension of the Group Environment and Evolution Collaboration. Here we present the first results, based on Gemini GMOS-S nod-and-shuffle spectroscopy of seven galaxy groups selected from spectroscopically confirmed, extended XMM detections in COSMOS. We use photometric redshifts to select potential group members for spectroscopy, and target galaxies with r < 24.75. In total, we have over 100 confirmed group members, and four of the groups have > 15 members. The dynamical mass estimates are in good agreement with the masses estimated from the X-ray luminosity, with most of the groups having 13 < log M-dyn/M-circle dot < 14. We compute stellar masses by template-fitting the spectral energy distributions; our spectroscopic sample is statistically complete for all galaxies with M-star greater than or similar to 1010.1 M-circle dot, and for blue galaxies we sample masses as low as M-star similar to 108.8 M-circle dot. The fraction of total mass in galaxy starlight spans a range of 0.25-3 per cent, for the six groups with reliable mass determinations. Like lower redshift groups, these systems are dominated by red galaxies, at all stellar masses M-star > 1010.1 M-circle dot. A few group galaxies inhabit the 'blue cloud' that dominates the surrounding field; instead, we find a large and possibly distinct population of galaxies with intermediate colours. The 'green valley' that exists at low redshift is instead well populated in these groups, containing similar to 30 per cent of the galaxies. These do not appear to be exceptionally dusty galaxies, and about half show prominent Balmer absorption lines. Furthermore, their Hubble Space Telescope morphologies appear to be intermediate between those of red-sequence and blue-cloud galaxies of the same stellar mass. Unlike red-sequence galaxies, most of the green galaxies have a disc component, but one that is smaller and less structured than discs found in the blue cloud. We postulate that these are a transient population, migrating from the blue cloud to the red sequence, with a star formation rate that declines with an exponential time-scale 0.6 < tau < 2 Gyr. Such galaxies may not be exclusive to the group environment, as we find examples also amongst the non-members. However, their prominence among the group galaxy population, and the marked lack of blue, star-forming galaxies, provides evidence that the group environment either directly reduces star formation in member galaxies or at least prevents its rejuvenation during the normal cycle of galaxy evolution.

We introduce our survey of galaxy groups at 0.85 < z < 1, as an extension of the Group Environment and Evolution Collaboration. Here we present the first results, based on Gemini GMOS-S nod-and-shuffle spectroscopy of seven galaxy groups selected from spectroscopically confirmed, extended XMM detections in COSMOS. We use photometric redshifts to select potential group members for spectroscopy, and target galaxies with r < 24.75. In total, we have over 100 confirmed group members, and four of the groups have > 15 members. The dynamical mass estimates are in good agreement with the masses estimated from the X-ray luminosity, with most of the groups having 13 < log M-dyn/M-circle dot < 14. We compute stellar masses by template-fitting the spectral energy distributions; our spectroscopic sample is statistically complete for all galaxies with M-star greater than or similar to 1010.1 M-circle dot, and for blue galaxies we sample masses as low as M-star similar to 108.8 M-circle dot. The fraction of total mass in galaxy starlight spans a range of 0.25-3 per cent, for the six groups with reliable mass determinations. Like lower redshift groups, these systems are dominated by red galaxies, at all stellar masses M-star > 1010.1 M-circle dot. A few group galaxies inhabit the 'blue cloud' that dominates the surrounding field; instead, we find a large and possibly distinct population of galaxies with intermediate colours. The 'green valley' that exists at low redshift is instead well populated in these groups, containing similar to 30 per cent of the galaxies. These do not appear to be exceptionally dusty galaxies, and about half show prominent Balmer absorption lines. Furthermore, their Hubble Space Telescope morphologies appear to be intermediate between those of red-sequence and blue-cloud galaxies of the same stellar mass. Unlike red-sequence galaxies, most of the green galaxies have a disc component, but one that is smaller and less structured than discs found in the blue cloud. We postulate that these are a transient population, migrating from the blue cloud to the red sequence, with a star formation rate that declines with an exponential time-scale 0.6 < tau < 2 Gyr. Such galaxies may not be exclusive to the group environment, as we find examples also amongst the non-members. However, their prominence among the group galaxy population, and the marked lack of blue, star-forming galaxies, provides evidence that the group environment either directly reduces star formation in member galaxies or at least prevents its rejuvenation during the normal cycle of galaxy evolution.