Heat waves, now more frequent and longer due to climate change, devastate plant productivity. Although rare, thermophilic plants could hold keys to engineering heat resilience in crop plants. Tidestromia oblongifolia is a thermophilic flowering plant that thrives at temperatures above 45°C. When exposed to Death Valley summer conditions, T. oblongifolia increased its thermal optimum of photosynthesis within a day and accelerated growth within 10 days. The physiological changes were accompanied by morphological, anatomical, and gene expression changes revealed by a newly sequenced genome. In bundle sheath cells where Rubisco fixes CO2, mitochondria relocated to chloroplasts and novel, cup-shaped chloroplasts appeared. Understanding how this plant acclimates under heat may afford new ways of engineering heat tolerance in crop plants.

Numerous terrestrial and marine organisms, including cephalopods, are capable of light emission. In addition to communication, bioluminescence is used for attraction and defense mechanisms. The present review aims to: (i) present updated information on the taxonomic diversity of luminous cephalopods and morphological features, (ii) describe large-scale biogeographic patterns, and (iii) show the research trends over the last 50 years on cephalopod bioluminescence. According to our database (834 species), 32% of all known cephalopod species can emit light, including oegopsid and myopsid squids, sepiolids, octopuses, and representatives of several other smaller orders (bathyteuthids, and the monotypic vampire "squid", Vampyroteuthis infernalis and ram's horn "squid", Spirula spirula). Most species have a combination of photophores present in different locations, of which light organs on the head region are dominant, followed by photophores associated with the arms and tentacles and internal photophores. Regarding the biogeographic patterns of cephalopod species with light organs, the most diverse ocean is the Pacific Ocean, followed by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The least diverse are the Southern and the Arctic Oceans. Regarding publication trends, our systematic review revealed that, between 1971 and 2020, 277 peer-reviewed studies were published on bioluminescent cephalopods. Most research has been done on a single species, the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes. The interest in this species is mostly due to its species-specific symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, which is used as a model for the study of Eukaryote-Prokaryote symbiosis. Because there are many knowledge gaps about the biology and biogeography of light-producing cephalopods, new state-of-the-art techniques (e.g., eDNA for diversity research and monitoring) can help achieve a finer resolution on species' distributions. Moreover, knowledge on the effects of climate change stressors on the bioluminescent processes is nonexistent. Future studies are needed to assess such impacts at different levels of biological organization, to describe the potential broad-scale biogeographic changes, and understand the implications for food web dynamics.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process resulting in aberrant bone formation and often involves synovial lined tissues. During this process, mesenchymal progenitor cells undergo endochondral ossification. Nonetheless, the specific cell phenotypes and mechanisms driving this process are not well understood, in part due to the high degree of heterogeneity of the progenitor cells involved. Here, using a combination of lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we investigated the extent to which synovial/tendon sheath progenitor cells contribute to heterotopic bone formation. For this purpose, Tppp3 (tubulin polymerization-promoting protein family member 3)-inducible reporter mice were used in combination with either Scx (Scleraxis) or Pdgfra (platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha) reporter mice. Both tendon injury- and arthroplasty-induced mouse experimental HO models were utilized. ScRNA-seq of tendon-associated traumatic HO suggested that Tppp3 is an early progenitor cell marker for either tendon or osteochondral cells. Upon HO induction, Tppp3 reporter+ cells expanded in number and partially contributed to cartilage and bone formation in either tendon- or joint-associated HO. In double reporter animals, both Pdgfra+Tppp3+ and Pdgfra+Tppp3- progenitor cells gave rise to HO-associated cartilage. Finally, analysis of human samples showed a substantial population of TPPP3-expressing cells overlapping with osteogenic markers in areas of heterotopic bone. Overall, these data demonstrate that synovial/tendon sheath progenitor cells undergo aberrant osteochondral differentiation and contribute to HO after trauma.

Microalgal photosynthesis is responsible for nearly half of the CO2 annually cap-tured by Earth's ecosystems. In aquatic environments where the CO2 availability is low, the CO2-fixing efficiency of microalgae greatly relies on mechanisms - called CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) - for concentrating CO2 at the catalytic site of the CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco). While the transport of inorganic carbon (Ci) across mem-brane bilayers against a concentration gradient consumes part of the chemical energy generated by photosynthesis, the bioenergetics and cellular mechanisms involved are only beginning to be elucidated. Here, we review the current knowl-edge relating to the energy requirement of CCMs in the light of recent advances in photosynthesis regulatory mechanisms and the spatial organization of CCM components.

The Maaz formation consists of the first lithologies in Jezero crater analyzed by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. This formation, investigated from Sols (Martian days) 1 to 201 and from Sols 343 to 382, overlies the Seitah formation (previously described as an olivine-rich cumulate) and was initially suggested to represent an igneous crater floor unit based on orbital analyses. Using SuperCam data, we conducted a detailed textural, chemical, and mineralogical analyses of the Maaz formation and the Content member of the Seitah formation. We conclude that the Maaz formation and the Content member are igneous and consist of different lava flows and/or possibly pyroclastic flows with complex textures, including vesicular and non-vesicular rocks with different grain sizes. The Maaz formation rocks exhibit some of the lowest Mg# (=molar 100 x MgO/MgO + FeO) of all Martian igneous rocks analyzed so far (including meteorites and surface rocks) and show similar basaltic to basaltic-andesitic compositions. Their mineralogy is dominated by Fe-rich augite to possibly ferrosilite and plagioclase, and minor phases such as Fe-Ti oxides and Si-rich phases. They show a broad diversity of both compositions and textures when compared to Martian meteorites and other surface rocks. The different Maaz and Content lava or pyroclastic flows all originate from the same parental magma and/or the same magmatic system, but are not petrogenetically linked to the Seitah formation. The study of returned Maaz samples in Earth-based laboratories will help constrain the formation of these rocks, calibrate Martian crater counting, and overall, improve our understanding of magmatism on Mars.

We search for local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs), selecting photometric candidates by broadband color excess and machine-learning techniques with the SDSS photometric data. After removing stellar contaminants by shallow spectroscopy with Seimei and Nayuta telescopes, we confirm that three candidates are EMPGs with 0.05-0.1 Z (& ODOT;) by deep Magellan/MagE spectroscopy for faint [Oiii] & lambda;4363 lines. Using a statistical sample consisting of 105 spectroscopically confirmed EMPGs taken from our study and the literature, we calculate the cross-correlation function (CCF) of the EMPGs and all SDSS galaxies to quantify environments of EMPGs. Comparing another CCF of all SDSS galaxies and comparison of SDSS galaxies in the same stellar-mass range (10(7.0)-10(8.4) M (& ODOT;)), we find no significant (>1 & sigma;) difference between these two CCFs. We also compare mass-metallicity relations (MZRs) of the EMPGs and those of galaxies at z & SIM; 0-4 with a steady chemical evolution model and find that the EMPG MZR is comparable with the model prediction on average. These clustering and chemical properties of EMPGs are explained by a scenario of stochastic metal-poor gas accretion on metal-rich galaxies showing metal-poor star formation. Extending the broadband color excess technique to a high-z EMPG search, we select 17 candidates of z & SIM; 4-5 EMPGs with the deep (& SIME;30 mag) near-infrared JWST/NIRCam images obtained by ERO and ERS programs. We find galaxy candidates with negligible [Oiii] & lambda; & lambda; 4959,5007 emission weaker than the local EMPGs and known high-z galaxies, suggesting that some of these candidates may fall in the range of 0-0.01 Z (& ODOT;), which potentially breaks the lowest metallicity limit known to date.

This paper presents a newly established sample of 19 unique galaxies and galaxy groups at redshift z = 0.8-1.21 in six QSO fields from the Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS), designated as the CUBSz1 sample. In this sample, nine galaxies or galaxy groups show absorption features, while the other 10 systems exhibit 2 sigma upper limits of logN(HeI)/cm(-2) less than or similar to 13.5 and logN(OV)/cm(-2) less than or similar to 13.3. Environmental properties of the galaxies, including galaxy overdensities, the total stellar mass and gravitational potential summed over all neighbours, and the presence of local ionizing sources, are found to have a significant impact on the observed CGM absorption properties. Specifically, massive galaxies and galaxies in overdense regions exhibit a higher rate of incidence of absorption. The CGM absorption properties in galaxy groups appear to be driven by the galaxy closest to the QSO sightline, rather than by the most massive galaxy or by mass-weighted properties. We introduce a total projected gravitational potential psi, defined as -psi/G = Sigma(Mhalo)/d(proj) summed over all group members, to characterize the galaxy environment. This projected gravitational potential correlates linearly with the maximum density detected in each sightline (i.e. a power-law slope of 0.95(-0.14)(+0.15)), consistent with higher pressure gas being confined in deeper gravitational potential wells. In addition, we find that the radial profile of cool gas density exhibits a decline from the inner regions to the outskirts, and the amplitude is consistent with the cool gas being in pressure balance with the hot halo. Finally, we note that the ionizing flux from nearby galaxies can elevate the N(HI)/N(HeI) ratio, which provides a unique diagnostic of possible local sources contributing to the ionizing radiation field.

Preliminary analyses of asteroid Ryugu samples show kinship to aqueously altered CI (Ivuna-type) chondrites, suggesting similar origins. We report identification of C-rich, particularly primitive clasts in Ryugu samples that contain preserved presolar silicate grains and exceptional abundances of presolar SiC and isotopically anomalous organic matter. The high presolar silicate abundance (104 ppm) indicates that the clast escaped extensive alteration. The 5 to 10 times higher abundances of presolar SiC (~235 ppm), N-rich organic matter, organics with N isotopic anomalies (1.2%), and organics with C isotopic anomalies (0.2%) in the primitive clasts compared to bulk Ryugu suggest that the clasts formed in a unique part of the protoplanetary disk enriched in presolar materials. These clasts likely represent previously unsampled outer solar system material that accreted onto Ryugu after aqueous alteration ceased, consistent with Ryugu's rubble pile origin.