Many fundamental questions remain regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of digestive lipid metabolism. One major impediment to answering important questions in the field has been the lack of a tractable and sufficiently complex model system. Until recently, most studies of lipid metabolism have been performed in vitro or in mice, yet each approach possesses certain limitations. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) offers an excellent model system in which to study lipid metabolism in vivo, owing to its small size, genetic tractability and optical clarity. Fluorescent lipid dyes and optical reporters of lipid-modifying enzymes are now being used in live zebrafish to generate visible readouts of digestive physiology. Here we review recent advances in visualizing intestinal lipid metabolism in live larval zebrafish.

Prenylation of G protein gamma (gamma) subunits is necessary for the membrane localization of heterotrimeric G proteins and for functional heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. To evaluate GPCR signaling pathways during development, we injected zebrafish embryos with mRNAs encoding G gamma subunits mutated so that they can no longer be prenylated. Low-level expression of these prenylation-deficient G gamma subunits driven either ubiquitously or specifically in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) disrupts GPCR signaling and manifests as a PGC migration defect. This disruption results in a reduction of calcium accumulation in the protrusions of migrating PGCs and a failure of PGCs to directionally migrate. When co-expressed with a prenylation-deficient G gamma, 8 of the 17 wildtype G gamma isoforms individually confer the ability to restore calcium accumulation and directional migration. These results suggest that while the G gamma subunits possess the ability to interact with G Beta (beta) proteins, only a subset of wildtype G gamma proteins are stable within PGCs and can interact with key signaling components necessary for PGC migration. This in vivo study highlights the functional redundancy of these signaling components and demonstrates that prenylation-deficient G gamma subunits are an effective tool to investigate the roles of GPCR signaling events during vertebrate development. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Research involving model organisms necessitates recording and archiving many types of animal maintenance and use data. We developed a comprehensive inventory system using FileMaker Pro (R) to incorporate, record, and archive data on zebrafish stocks, tank organization, husbandry, and fish usage. Our relational database is constructed of tables containing detailed information on fish identity, parents of origin, tank location, mutant phenotypes, caretakers, natural mating and in vitro fertilization experiments, and fish mortality. In addition to its basic annotation and reporting capabilities, the database allows barcode scan entry of several actions, for example, moving a tank of fish, mating or performing in vitro fertilization with specific fish, and recording dead fish. All data are input in real time using either barcode scanning or manual entry. The database provides several types of preformatted reports, as well as printed labels for tank location and stock identification. In summary, we have created a versatile, multipurpose inventory system that can be personalized and enhanced for any zebrafish facility and can be further adapted to organize data and archival information for other model systems or applications.

Specific small molecule inhibitors of the de novo cholesterol synthesis pathway (statins) and the protein prenylation pathway were used to study their effect on germ cell migration. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway that produces isoprenoids and cholesterol. Pharmacological HMGCoAR inhibition by statins alters zebrafish development and germ cell migration. These effects were completely blocked by prior injection of mevalonate, the product of HMGCoAR activity, or the prenylation precursors farnesol and geranylgeraniol. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of geranylgeranyl transferase I activity, an enzyme downstream from mevalonate synthesis and responsible for the transfer of a lipid to target proteins, resulted in abnormal germ cell migration. These data together with new data from Drosophila demonstrate that protein prenylation is an evolutionarily conserved pathway mediating germ cell migration. Further, pharmacological block-and-rescue approach provided detailed information about the elements of isoprenoid biosynthesis that contribute to germ cell migration. A key question raised by this work is the identity of the prenylated protein which facilitates proper germ cell migration. Work from other laboratories suggests that germ cell migration might be a general model for the long-range migration of other cell types including cancer metastasis.

Lipids serve essential functions in cells as signaling molecules, membrane components, and sources of energy. Defects in lipid metabolism are implicated in a number of pandemic human diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Many aspects of how fatty acids and cholesterol are absorbed and processed by intestinal cells remain unclear and present a hurdle to developing approaches for disease prevention and treatment. Numerous studies have shown that the zebrafish is an excellent model for vertebrate lipid metabolism. In this chapter, we review studies that employ zebrafish to better understand lipid signaling and metabolism.

Heterotrimeric G protein signaling is involved in many pathways essential to development including those controlling cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. One key developmental event known to rely on proper heterotrimeric G protein signaling is primordial germ cell (PGC) migration. We previously developed an in vivo PGC migration assay that identified differences in the signaling capacity of G protein gamma subunits. In this study we developed G gamma subunit chimeras to determine the regions of G gamma isoforms that are responsible for these differences. The central section of the G gamma subunit was found to be necessary for the ability of a G gamma subunit to mediate signaling involved in PGC migration. Residues found in the carboxyterminal segment of G gamma transducin (gngt1) were found to be responsible for the ability of this subunit to disrupt PGC migration. The type of prenylation did not affect the ability of a G gamma subunit to reverse prenylation-deficient-G gamma-induced PGC migration defects. However, a version of gng2. engineered to be farnesylated instead of geranylgeranylated. still lacks the ability to reverse PGC migration defects known to result from treatment of zebrafish with geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors (GGTI), supporting the notion that G gamma subunits are one of several protein targets that need to be geranylgeranylated to orchestrate the proper long-range migration of PGCs. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.