We present new observations of the three nearest early-type galaxy (ETG) strong lenses discovered in the SINFONI Nearby Elliptical Lens Locator Survey (SNELLS). Based on their lensing masses, these ETGs were inferred to have a stellar initial mass function ( IMF) consistent with that of the Milky Way, not the bottom-heavy IMF that has been reported as typical for high-sigma ETGs based on lensing, dynamical, and stellar population synthesis techniques. We use these unique systems to test the consistency of IMF estimates derived from different methods. We first estimate the stellar M*/L using lensing and stellar dynamics. We then fit high-quality optical spectra of the lenses using an updated version of the stellar population synthesis models developed by Conroy & van Dokkum. When examined individually, we find good agreement among these methods for one galaxy. The other two galaxies show 2-3 sigma tension with lensing estimates, depending on the dark matter contribution, when considering IMFs that extend to 0.08M(circle dot). Allowing a variable low-mass cutoff or a nonparametric form of the IMF reduces the tension among the IMF estimates to <2 sigma. There is moderate evidence for a reduced number of low-mass stars in the SNELLS spectra, but no such evidence in a composite spectrum of matched-sigma ETGs drawn from the SDSS. Such variation in the form of the IMF at low stellar masses (m less than or similar to 0.3M(circle dot)), if present, could reconcile lensing/dynamical and spectroscopic IMF estimates for the SNELLS lenses and account for their lighter M*/L relative to the mean matched-sigma ETG. We provide the spectra used in this study to facilitate future comparisons.

Quiescent galaxies at z greater than or similar to 2 are compact and have weak or absent emission lines, making it difficult to spatially resolve their kinematics and stellar populations using ground-based spectroscopy. Gravitationally lensed examples provide a promising route forward, but such objects are very rare. We describe a search in the fields of 232 galaxy clusters that has uncovered five bright (H-AB < 20) lensed galaxies with red near-infrared colors. These include MRG-M0138, which is the brightest lensed galaxy known in the near-infrared. Analysis of near-infrared spectra and multiband photometry confirms that all are quiescent galaxies at z = 1.95-2.64 with stellar ages of 0.5-1.4. Gyr (corresponding to formation epochs z(form)similar or equal to 3-4) and stellar masses of 10(11.6-12.8) mu(-1) M-circle dot, where mu is the magnification. In three cases, we derive lens models and reconstruct the source structure; these galaxies are massive (M-* greater than or similar to 10(11.0) M-circle dot) and follow the mass-size relation defined by unlensed samples. In two of these three galaxies, the main structural component is an inclined disk. Weak emission lines are detected in four of five galaxies with high ratios [N II]/H alpha similar or equal to 2-6 that are inconsistent with a star formation origin. Based on the line ratios, the Ha equivalent widths, and the distribution and kinematics of the gas, we infer that shocks are likely to be present in at least two galaxies and could be present in all of the line emitters. We speculate that these could be analogs of local galaxies in which AGN jet-driven outflows are thought to heat the interstellar medium and suppress star formation. In further papers, we will present spatially resolved measurements of the stellar populations and kinematics of this unique sample.

We present deep near-infrared spectra for a sample of 24 quiescent galaxies in the redshift range 1.5 < z < 2.5 obtained with the MOSFIRE spectrograph at the W. M. Keck Observatory. In conjunction with a similar data set we obtained in the range1< z < 1.5 with the LRIS spectrograph, we analyze the kinematic and structural properties for 80 quiescent galaxies, the largest homogeneously selected sample to date spanning 3 Gyr of early cosmic history. Analysis of our Keck spectra together with measurements derived from associated Hubble Space Telescope images reveals increasingly larger stellar velocity dispersions and smaller sizes to redshifts beyond z similar to 2. By classifying our sample according to Sersic indices, we find that among disk-like systems the flatter ones show a higher dynamical to stellar mass ratio compared to their rounder counterparts, which we interpret as evidence for a significant contribution of rotational motion. For this subset of disk-like systems, we estimate that V/sigma, the ratio of the circular velocity to the intrinsic velocity dispersion, is a factor of two larger than for present-day disky quiescent galaxies. We use the velocity dispersion measurements also to explore the redshift evolution of the dynamical to stellar mass ratio, and to measure for the first time the physical size growth rate of individual systems over two distinct redshift ranges, finding a faster evolution at earlier times. We discuss the physical origin of this time-dependent growth in size in the context of the associated reduction of the systematic rotation.

Stellar kinematics provide insights into the masses and formation histories of galaxies. At high redshifts, spatially resolving the stellar kinematics of quiescent galaxies is challenging due to their compact sizes. Using deep near-infrared spectroscopy, we have measured the resolved stellar kinematics of four quiescent galaxies at z = 1.95-2.64, introduced in Paper. I, that are gravitationally lensed by galaxy clusters. Analyses of two of these have previously been reported individually by Newman et al. and Toft et al., and for the latter, we present new observations. All four galaxies show significant rotation and can be classified as "fast rotators." In the three systems for which the lensing constraints permit a reconstruction of the source, we find that all are likely to be highly flattened (intrinsic ellipticities of approximate to 0.75-0.85) disk-dominated galaxies with rapid rotation speeds of V-max = 290-352. km s(-1) and predominantly rotational support, as indicated by the ratio (V/sigma)(Re) 1.7 2.3. (s) = Compared to coeval star-forming galaxies of similar mass, the quiescent galaxies have smaller V/sigma. Given their high masses, M-dyn greater than or similar to 2 x 10(11) M-circle dot, we argue that these galaxies are likely to evolve into "slow rotator" elliptical galaxies whose specific angular momentum is reduced by a factor of 5-10. This provides strong evidence for merger-driven evolution of massive galaxies after quenching. Consistent with indirect evidence from earlier morphological studies, our small but unique sample suggests that the kinematic transformations that produced round, dispersion-supported elliptical galaxies were not generally coincident with quenching. Such galaxies probably emerged later via mergers that increased their masses and sizes while also eroding their rotational support.

Dark-matter-only simulations predict that dark matter halos have cusp-like inner density profiles, while observations of low-mass galaxies have found a range of inner slopes that are typically much shallower. It is still not well established whether this discrepancy can be explained by baryonic feedback or if it may require modified dark matter models. To better understand the diversity of dark matter profiles in dwarf galaxies, we undertook a survey of 26 low-mass galaxies (logM(*)/M-circle dot = 8.4-9.8, v(max) = 50-140 km s(-1)) within 30 Mpc using the Palomar Cosmic Web Imager, which is among the largest integral field spectroscopic surveys of its type. In this paper, we derive H alpha velocity fields for the full sample with a typical spatial resolution of similar to 160 pc. We extract rotation curves and verify their robustness to several choices in the analysis. We present a method for improving the velocity precision obtained from image slicing spectrographs using narrowband H alpha images. For 11 galaxies, we compare the H alpha velocity fields to CO kinematics measured using CARMA, finding the maps to be in good agreement. The standard deviation of the difference is typically similar to 7 km s(-1), comparable to the level of turbulence in the interstellar medium, showing that the two tracers have substantially the same bulk kinematics. In a companion paper, we will use the rotation curves produced here to construct mass models of the galaxies and determine their dark matter density profiles.

We investigate the stellar populations for a sample of 24 quiescent galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5 using deep rest-frame optical spectra obtained with Keck MOSFIRE. By fitting templates simultaneously to the spectroscopic and photometric data and exploring a variety of star formation histories, we obtain robust measurements of median stellar ages and residual levels of star formation. After subtracting the stellar templates, the stacked spectrum reveals the H alpha and [N II] emission lines, providing an upper limit on the ongoing star formation rate of 0.9 +/- 0.1 M(circle dot)yr(-1). By combining the MOSFIRE data with our sample of Keck LRIS spectra at lower redshift, we analyze the quiescent population at 1 < z < 2.5 in a consistent manner. We find a tight relation (with a scatter of 0.13 dex) between the stellar age and the rest-frame U - V and V - J colors, which can be used to estimate the age of quiescent galaxies, given their colors. Applying this age-color relation to large photometric samples, we are able to model the number density evolution for quiescent galaxies of various ages. We find evidence for two distinct quenching paths: a fast quenching that produces compact post-starburst systems and a slow quenching of larger galaxies. Fast quenching accounts for about a fifth of the growth of the red sequence at z similar to 1.4 and half at z similar to 2.2. We conclude that fast quenching is triggered by dramatic events, such as gas-rich mergers, while slow quenching is likely caused by a different physical mechanism.

We present the discovery and early evolution of ASASSN-19bt, a tidal disruption event (TDE) discovered by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) at a distance of d similar or equal to 115 Mpc and the first TDE to be detected by TESS. As the TDE is located in the TESS Continuous Viewing Zone, our data set includes 30 minute cadence observations starting on 2018 July 25, and we precisely measure that the TDE begins to brighten similar to 8.3 days before its discovery. Our data set also includes 18 epochs of Swift UVOT and XRT observations, 2 epochs of XMM-Newton observations, 13 spectroscopic observations, and ground data from the Las Cumbres Observatory telescope network, spanning from 32 days before peak through 37 days after peak. ASASSN-19bt thus has the most detailed pre-peak data set for any TDE. The TESS light curve indicates that the transient began to brighten on 2019 January 21.6 and that for the first 15 days, its rise was consistent with a flux proportional to t(2) power-law model. The optical/UV emission is well fit by a blackbody spectral energy distribution, and ASASSN-19bt exhibits an early spike in its luminosity and temperature roughly 32 rest-frame days before peak and spanning up to 14 days, which has not been seen in other TDEs, possibly because UV observations were not triggered early enough to detect it. It peaked on 2019 March 4.9 at a luminosity of L similar or equal to 1.3 x 10(44) erg s(-1) and radiated E similar or equal to 3.2 x 10(50) erg during the 41 day rise to peak. X-ray observations after peak indicate a softening of the hard X-ray emission prior to peak, reminiscent of the hard/soft states in X-ray binaries.

Dark-matter-only simulations predict that dark matter halos have steep, cuspy inner density profiles, while observations of dwarf galaxies find a range of inner slopes that are often much shallower. There is debate whether this discrepancy can be explained by baryonic feedback or if it may require modified dark matter models. In Paper I of this series, we obtained high-resolution integral field H alpha observations for 26 dwarf galaxies with M-* = 10(8.1)-10(9.7) M-circle dot. We derived rotation curves from our observations, which we use here to construct mass models. We model the total mass distribution as the sum of a generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) dark matter halo and the stellar and gaseous components. Our analysis of the slope of the dark matter density profile focuses on the inner 300-800 pc, chosen based on the resolution of our data and the region resolved by modern hydrodynamical simulations. The inner slope measured using ionized and molecular gas tracers is consistent, and it is additionally robust to the choice of stellar mass-to-light ratio. We find a range of dark matter profiles, including both cored and cuspy slopes, with an average of rho(DM) similar to r-(.0.74 +/- 0.07,) shallower than the NFW profile, but steeper than those typically observed for lower-mass galaxies with M-* similar to 10(7.5) M-circle dot. Simulations that reproduce the observed slopes in those lower-mass galaxies also produce slopes that are too shallow for galaxies in our mass range. We therefore conclude that supernova feedback models do not yet provide a fully satisfactory explanation for the observed trend in dark matter slopes.

We introduce LATIS, the Ly alpha Tomography IMACS Survey, a spectroscopic survey at Magellan designed to map the z = 2.2-2.8 intergalactic medium (IGM) in three dimensions by observing the Ly alpha forest in the spectra of galaxies and QSOs. Within an area of 1.7 deg(2), we will observe approximately half of greater than or similar to L* galaxies at z = 2.2-3.2 for typically 12 hr, providing a dense network of sightlines piercing the IGM with an average transverse separation of 2.5 h(-1) comoving Mpc (1 physical Mpc). At these scales, the opacity of the IGM is expected to be closely related to the dark matter density, and LATIS will therefore map the density field in the z similar to 2.5 universe at similar to Mpc resolution over the largest volume to date. Ultimately, LATIS will produce approximately 3800 spectra of z = 2.2-3.2 galaxies that probe the IGM within a volume of 4 x 10(6)h(-3) Mpc(3), large enough to contain a representative sample of structures from protoclusters to large voids. Observations are already complete over one-third of the survey area. In this paper, we describe the survey design and execution. We present the largest IGM tomographic maps at comparable resolution yet made. We show that the recovered matter overdensities are broadly consistent with cosmological expectations based on realistic mock surveys, that they correspond to galaxy overdensities, and that we can recover structures identified using other tracers. LATIS is conducted in Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey fields, including COSMOS. Coupling the LATIS tomographic maps with the rich data sets collected in these fields will enable novel studies of environment-dependent galaxy evolution and the galaxy-IGM connection at cosmic noon.

Measuring the chemical composition of galaxies is crucial to our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution models. However, such measurements are extremely challenging for quiescent galaxies at high redshifts, which have faint stellar continua and compact sizes, making it difficult to detect absorption lines and nearly impossible to spatially resolve them. Gravitational lensing offers the opportunity to study these galaxies with detailed spectroscopy that can be spatially resolved. In this work, we analyze deep spectra of MRG-M0138, a lensed quiescent galaxy atz = 1.98, which is the brightest of its kind, with anH-band magnitude of 17.1. Taking advantage of full spectral fitting, we measure [Mg/Fe] = 0.51 0.05, [Fe/H] = 0.26 0.04, and, for the first time, the stellar abundances of six other elements in this galaxy. We further constrained, also for the first time in az similar to 2 galaxy, radial gradients in stellar age, [Fe/H], and [Mg/Fe]. We detect no gradient in age or [Mg/Fe] and a slightly negative gradient in [Fe/H], which has a slope comparable to that seen in local early-type galaxies. Our measurements show that not only is MRG-M0138 very Mg-enhanced compared to the centers of local massive early-type galaxies, it is also very iron rich. These dissimilar abundances suggest that even the inner regions of massive galaxies have experienced significant mixing of stars in mergers, in contrast to a purely inside-out growth model. The abundance pattern observed in MRG-M0138 challenges simple galactic chemical evolution models that vary only the star formation timescale and shows the need for more elaborate models.