Hydrogenated carbon nitride is synthesized by polymerization of 1,5-naphthyridine, a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compound, under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The polymerization progressed significantly at temperatures above 573 K at 0.5 GPa and above 623 K at 1.5 GPa. The reaction temperature was relatively lower than that observed for pure naphthalene, suggesting that the reaction temperature is considerably lowered when nitrogen atoms exist in the aromatic ring structure. The polymerization reaction largely progresses without significant change in the N/C ratio. Three types of dimerization are identified; naphthylation, exact dimerization, and dimerization with hydrogenation as determined from the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis of soluble products. Infrared spectra suggest that hydrogenation products were likely to be formed with spa carbon and NH bonding. Solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance reveals that the sp(3)/sp(2) ratio is 0.14 in both the insoluble solids synthesized at 0.5 and 1.5 GPa. Not only the dimers but also soluble heavier oligomers and insoluble polymers formed through more extensive polymerization. The major reaction mechanism of 1,5-Nap was common to both the 0.5 and 1.5 GPa experiments, although the required reaction temperature increased with increasing pressure and aromatic rings preferentially remained at the higher pressure.

Hydrogenated carbon nitride is synthesized by polymerization of 1,5-naphthyridine, a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compound, under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The polymerization progressed significantly at temperatures above 573 K at 0.5 GPa and above 623 K at 1.5 GPa. The reaction temperature was relatively lower than that observed for pure naphthalene, suggesting that the reaction temperature is considerably lowered when nitrogen atoms exist in the aromatic ring structure. The polymerization reaction largely progresses without significant change in the N/C ratio. Three types of dimerization are identified; naphthylation, exact dimerization, and dimerization with hydrogenation as determined from the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis of soluble products. Infrared spectra suggest that hydrogenation products were likely to be formed with spa carbon and NH bonding. Solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance reveals that the sp(3)/sp(2) ratio is 0.14 in both the insoluble solids synthesized at 0.5 and 1.5 GPa. Not only the dimers but also soluble heavier oligomers and insoluble polymers formed through more extensive polymerization. The major reaction mechanism of 1,5-Nap was common to both the 0.5 and 1.5 GPa experiments, although the required reaction temperature increased with increasing pressure and aromatic rings preferentially remained at the higher pressure.

The insoluble organic material (IOM) in primitive chondritic meteorites is very enriched in D (up to delta D = 3500% in bulk). Based largely on a series of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of IOM from three meteorites (Orgueil, Murchison and Tagish Lake), it has been suggested that these enrichments are the result of exchange with H2D+ in the solar nebula and that exchange with radicals in the IOM was particularly facile so that they are enormously enriched in D (dD > 95000%). To try to test whether radicals are largely responsible for the D enrichments in IOM, we have used EPR to measure the radical concentrations (spins/g) and g-factors of 18 IOM separates from C1-2 chondrites of varying petrologic type and chemical group that have a much wider range of H isotopic compositions (dD = 600-3500%) than in previous studies. We confirm the previous studies findings that IOM exhibits non-Curie law behavior and that it does not completely saturate even at microwave excitation powers of 200 mW. We also have obtained similar g-factor values. However, our IOM samples typically exhibit a lower and more limited range of spin concentrations, and smaller deviations from Curie law behavior than in previous studies. Nor do we observe correlations between bulk dD and either spins/g or non-Curie law behavior that would be expected if exchange between H2D+ and radicals, as previously proposed, was the cause of the D-enrichments in IOM. Indeed, in general the radical concentrations and the degree of non-Curie law behavior do not seem to correlate with any of the measured IOM properties, with chondrite group or parent body history (e.g., degree of aqueous alteration). The only exceptions are the IOM in four Tagish Lake lithologies whose spin concentrations increase with increasing degree of thermal processing as indicated by decreasing H/C and dD, and increasing aromaticity. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The insoluble organic material (IOM) in primitive chondritic meteorites is very enriched in D (up to delta D = 3500% in bulk). Based largely on a series of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of IOM from three meteorites (Orgueil, Murchison and Tagish Lake), it has been suggested that these enrichments are the result of exchange with H2D+ in the solar nebula and that exchange with radicals in the IOM was particularly facile so that they are enormously enriched in D (dD > 95000%). To try to test whether radicals are largely responsible for the D enrichments in IOM, we have used EPR to measure the radical concentrations (spins/g) and g-factors of 18 IOM separates from C1-2 chondrites of varying petrologic type and chemical group that have a much wider range of H isotopic compositions (dD = 600-3500%) than in previous studies. We confirm the previous studies findings that IOM exhibits non-Curie law behavior and that it does not completely saturate even at microwave excitation powers of 200 mW. We also have obtained similar g-factor values. However, our IOM samples typically exhibit a lower and more limited range of spin concentrations, and smaller deviations from Curie law behavior than in previous studies. Nor do we observe correlations between bulk dD and either spins/g or non-Curie law behavior that would be expected if exchange between H2D+ and radicals, as previously proposed, was the cause of the D-enrichments in IOM. Indeed, in general the radical concentrations and the degree of non-Curie law behavior do not seem to correlate with any of the measured IOM properties, with chondrite group or parent body history (e.g., degree of aqueous alteration). The only exceptions are the IOM in four Tagish Lake lithologies whose spin concentrations increase with increasing degree of thermal processing as indicated by decreasing H/C and dD, and increasing aromaticity. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The large variations in hydrogen isotope ratios found in insoluble organic matter (IOM) in chondritic meteorites may be attributed to hydrogen isotopic exchange between IOM and water during aqueous alteration. We conducted D-H exchange experiments (1) during synthesis of IOM simulant (hereafter called chondritic organic analog, COA) from formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and ammonia with water, and (2) with the synthesized COA with a secondary reservoir of water. The changes in the D/H ratios obtained by infrared spectra of the COA suggest that most of the hydrogen in the COA is derived from water during synthesis. We further investigated the kinetics of D-H exchange between D-rich COA and D-poor water, as well as the opposite case, D-poor COA and D-rich water. To help assess understanding exchange kinetics, two-dimensional isotope imaging obtained using isotope microscope revealed that no gradient D-H exchange profiles were present in the COA grains, indicating that the rate-limiting step for D-H exchange is not diffusion. Thus, the changes in D/(D + H) ratios were fit by the first-order reaction rate law. Apparent kinetic parameters-the rate constants, the activation energies, and the frequency factors-were obtained with the Arrhenius equation. Using these kinetic expressions, hydrogen isotopic exchange profiles were estimated for time and temperature behavior. The D-H exchange between organic matter and water is apparently relatively fast and this implies that the aqueous alteration temperatures should have been very low, likely close to 0 degrees C to maintain hydrogen isotopic disequilibrium between organic matter and liquid water for millions of years.

The large variations in hydrogen isotope ratios found in insoluble organic matter (IOM) in chondritic meteorites may be attributed to hydrogen isotopic exchange between IOM and water during aqueous alteration. We conducted D-H exchange experiments (1) during synthesis of IOM simulant (hereafter called chondritic organic analog, COA) from formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and ammonia with water, and (2) with the synthesized COA with a secondary reservoir of water. The changes in the D/H ratios obtained by infrared spectra of the COA suggest that most of the hydrogen in the COA is derived from water during synthesis. We further investigated the kinetics of D-H exchange between D-rich COA and D-poor water, as well as the opposite case, D-poor COA and D-rich water. To help assess understanding exchange kinetics, two-dimensional isotope imaging obtained using isotope microscope revealed that no gradient D-H exchange profiles were present in the COA grains, indicating that the rate-limiting step for D-H exchange is not diffusion. Thus, the changes in D/(D + H) ratios were fit by the first-order reaction rate law. Apparent kinetic parameters-the rate constants, the activation energies, and the frequency factors-were obtained with the Arrhenius equation. Using these kinetic expressions, hydrogen isotopic exchange profiles were estimated for time and temperature behavior. The D-H exchange between organic matter and water is apparently relatively fast and this implies that the aqueous alteration temperatures should have been very low, likely close to 0 degrees C to maintain hydrogen isotopic disequilibrium between organic matter and liquid water for millions of years.

Here we report the elemental and isotopic compositions of the insoluble organic material (TOM) isolated from several previously unanalyzed meteorites, as well as the reanalyses of H isotopic compositions of some previously measured samples (Alexander et al., 2007). The IOM in ordinary chondrites (OCs) has very large D enrichments that increase with increasing metamorphism and decreasing H/C, the most extreme delta D value measured being almost 12,000 parts per thousand. We propose that such large isotopic fractionations could be produced in the OC parent bodies through the loss of isotopically very light 112 generated when Fe was oxidized by water at low temperatures (<200 degrees C). We suggest that similar isotopic fractionations were not generated in the IOM of CV and CO chondrites with similar metamorphic grades and IOM H/C ratios because proportionately less water was consumed during metamorphism, and the remaining water buffered the H isotopic composition of the TOM even a H was being lost from it.