Rapid evolution in response to environmental change will likely be a driving force determining the distribution of species across the biosphere in coming decades. This is especially true of microorganisms, many of which may evolve in step with warming, including phytoplankton, the diverse photosynthetic microbes forming the foundation of most aquatic food webs. Here we tested the capacity of a globally important, model marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, for rapid evolution in response to temperature. Selection at 16 and 31 degrees C for 350 generations led to significant divergence in several temperature response traits, demonstrating local adaptation and the existence of trade-offs associated with adaptation to different temperatures. In contrast, competitive ability for nitrogen (commonly limiting in marine systems), measured after 450 generations of temperature selection, did not diverge in a systematic way between temperatures. This study shows how rapid thermal adaptation affects key temperature and nutrient traits and, thus, a population's long-term physiological, ecological, and biogeographic response to climate change.

The human gut microbiome develops over early childhood and aids in food digestion and immunomodulation, but the mechanisms driving its development remain elusive. Here we use data curated from literature and online repositories to examine trait-based patterns of gut microbiome succession in 56 infants over their first three years of life. We also develop a new phylogeny-based approach of inferring trait values that can extend readily to other microbial systems and questions. Trait-based patterns suggest that infant gut succession begins with a functionally variable cohort of taxa, adept at proliferating rapidly within hosts, which gradually matures into a more functionally uniform cohort of taxa adapted to thrive in the anoxic gut and disperse between anoxic patches as oxygen-tolerant spores. Trait-based composition stabilizes after the first year, while taxonomic turnover continues unabated, suggesting functional redundancy in the traits examined. Trait-based approaches powerfully complement taxonomy-based approaches to understanding the mechanisms of microbial community assembly and succession.

Mass cultivation of algae for biofuel and other bioproduct production in outdoor, open raceway ponds has some considerable economic advantages. However, these systems would be subject to fluctuations in temperature (among other environmental factors), which can have dramatic effects on the growth rates of algal species and impact the overall productivity and quality of targeted algal crops. This study sought to elucidate the effects of temperature on algal growth rates, biomass accumulation, fatty acid production and composition. We surveyed 26 algal species from 5 different functional groups, growing them at 6 different temperatures between 9 and 32 degrees C. For each surveyed species, we collected eco-physiological trait data including maximum growth rate, thermal optimum (T-opt), thermal niche width, and lower and upper temperature limits for growth (CTmin and CTmax respectively); these data were also pooled for analysis at the functional group level. Responses to temperature varied among species, but at the functional group level we determined that the cyanobacteria have the highest thermal optimum (30.6 +/- 2.3 degrees C), followed by chlorophytes (25.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C) and diatoms (24.0 +/- 0.4 degrees C). Temperature-specific fatty acid (FA) production was mostly controlled by growth rates, though some change in production was attributable to modification of intracellular FA stores. Temperature affected FA profiles in diverse ways, with no consistent trends across species or functional groups. In sum, temperature significantly impacts the overall productivity of algal biofuel systems by influencing species growth rates and fatty acid production. While algal growth rates varied predictably with temperature, we did not find the generalizable trends in temperature dependence of FA composition, suggesting that some aspects of algal cultivation for bioproducts in outdoor, open-air systems may be less predictable. However, a compilation of algal growth and FA composition responses to temperature, such as ours, may be useful for choosing appropriate species for given temperature regimes.

Temperature effects on the fatty acid (FA) profiles of phytoplankton, major primary producers in the ocean, have been widely studied due to their importance as industrial feedstocks and to their indispensable role as global producers of long-chain, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), including omega-3 (omega3) FA required by organisms at higher trophic levels. The latter is of global ecological concern for marine food webs, as some evidence suggests an ongoing decline in global marine-derived omega3 FA due to both a global decline in phytoplankton abundance and to a physiological reduction in omega3 production by phytoplankton as temperatures rise. Here, we examined both short-term (physiological) and long-term (evolutionary) responses of FA profiles to temperature by comparing FA thermal reaction norms of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana after ~500 generations (ca. 2.5 years) of experimental evolution at low (16°C) and high (31°C) temperatures. We showed that thermal reaction norms for some key FA classes evolved rapidly in response to temperature selection, often in ways contrary to our predictions based on prior research. Notably, 31°C-selected populations showed higher PUFA percentages (including omega3 FA) than 16°C-selected populations at the highest assay temperature (31°C, above T. pseudonanas optimum temperature for population growth), suggesting that high-temperature selection led to an evolved ability to sustain high PUFA production at high temperatures. Rapid evolution may therefore mitigate some of the decline in global phytoplankton-derived omega3 FA production predicted by recent studies. Beyond its implications for marine food webs, knowledge of the effects of temperature on fatty acid profiles is of fundamental importance to our understanding of the mechanistic causes and consequences of thermal adaptation. 1-FattyAcids_total.measured_molar_05182-FattyAcids_mol.biovolume_raw_05183-FattyAcids_percentages_raw_11184-FattyAcids_MCL_WUnSat_raw_0518 Copyright: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication

A recent theory of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton considers how interacting niche construction processes such as resource depletion, behavior, and population dynamics contribute to spatial heterogeneity in the aquatic environment. In poorly mixed water columns with opposing resource gradients of nutrients and light, theory predicts that a species should aggregate at a single depth. This depth of aggregation, or biomass maximum, should change through time due to depletion of available resources. In addition, the depth of the aggregation should be deeper under low amounts of nutrient loading and shallower under higher amounts of nutrient loading. Theory predicts total biomass to exhibit a saturating relationship with nutrient supply. A surface biomass maximum limited by light and a deep biomass maximum limited by nutrients or co-limited by nutrients and light is also predicted by theory. To test this theory, we used a motile phytoplankton species (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) growing in cylindrical plankton towers. In our experiment, the resource environment was strongly modified by the movement, self-shading, nutrient uptake, and growth of the phytoplankton. Supporting predictions, we routinely observed a single biomass maximum at the surface throughout the course of the experiment and at equilibrium under higher nutrient loading. However, at equilibrium, low nutrient loading led to a non-distinct biomass maximum with the population distributed over most of the water column instead of the distinct subsurface peak predicted by theory. Also supporting predictions, total biomass across water columns was positively related to nutrient supply but saturating at high nutrient supply conditions. Further supporting predictions, we also found evidence of light limitation for a surface biomass maximum and nutrient limitation for the deep biomass when no surface maximum was present. In addition, the light level leaving the bottom of the water column declined through time as the phytoplankton grew and was negatively related to nutrient loading. Nutrients were strongly depleted where biomass was present by the end of the experiment. This experimental study shows that the vertical distribution of phytoplankton may be driven by intraspecific resource competition in space.

Temperature effects on the fatty acid (FA) profiles of phytoplankton, major primary producers in the ocean, have been widely studied due to their importance as industrial feedstocks and to their indispensable role as global producers of long-chain, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), including omega-3 (omega 3) FA required by organisms at higher trophic levels. The latter is of global ecological concern for marine food webs, as some evidence suggests an ongoing decline in global marine-derived omega 3 FA due to both a global decline in phytoplankton abundance and to a physiological reduction in omega 3 production by phytoplankton as temperatures rise. Here, we examined both short-term (physiological) and long-term (evolutionary) responses of FA profiles to temperature by comparing FA thermal reaction norms of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana after similar to 500 generations (ca. 2.5 years) of experimental evolution at low (16 degrees C) and high (31 degrees C) temperatures. We showed that thermal reaction norms for some key FA classes evolved rapidly in response to temperature selection, often in ways contrary to our predictions based on prior research. Notably, 31 degrees C-selected populations showed higher PUFA percentages (including omega 3 FA) than 16 degrees C-selected populations at the highest assay temperature (31 degrees C, above T. pseudonana's optimum temperature for population growth), suggesting that high-temperature selection led to an evolved ability to sustain high PUFA production at high temperatures. Rapid evolution may therefore mitigate some of the decline in global phytoplankton-derived omega 3 FA production predicted by recent studies. Beyond its implications for marine food webs, knowledge of the effects of temperature on fatty acid profiles is of fundamental importance to our understanding of the mechanistic causes and consequences of thermal adaptation.