The dominant benthic primary producers in coral reef ecosystems are complex holobionts with diverse microbiomes and metabolomes. In this study, we characterize the tissue metabolomes and microbiomes of corals, macroalgae, and crustose coralline algae via an intensive, replicated synoptic survey of a single coral reef system (Waimea Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii) and use these results to define associations between microbial taxa and metabolites specific to different hosts. Our results quantify and constrain the degree of host specificity of tissue metabolomes and microbiomes at both phylum and genus level. Both microbiome and metabolomes were distinct between calcifiers (corals and CCA) and erect macroalgae. Moreover, our multi-omics investigations highlight common lipid-based immune response pathways across host organisms. In addition, we observed strong covariation among several specific microbial taxa and metabolite classes, suggesting new metabolic roles of symbiosis to further explore.

Exploring the origin of the pseudogap is important for the understanding of superconductivity in cuprates. Here we report a systematical experimental study on the phonon vibrational properties of Tl2Ba2Can-1CunO2n+4+& delta; (n = 1, 2, 3) single crystals based on the Raman scattering measurements over the temperature range from 10-300 K. The temperature evolution of the frequency and linewidth of the observed phonon modes in each member of this family does not follow the expected self-energy effect when entering the superconducting state. The anomalies are observed for the phonon modes involving the vibrations of the atoms in the Tl-O layer and the apical oxygen at the temperature around 150 K, which is higher above the superconducting transition. The phonon mode of the apical oxygen exhibits a pronounced universal softening behavior. From the comparison with the existing experimental data for various orders, we find that the observed starting temperature for the phonon softening corresponds to the onset opening temperature of the pseudogap. This finding indicates a large lattice effect in the pseudogap state and the non-negligible spin-phonon coupling for such a phonon softening.

Charge density wave (CDW) order is widely existing and fundamentally important in solid-state physics. However, several critical issues regarding the vibrational and electronic subsystems and their coupling still need to be better understood. Here, we tune the electrical transport and collective vibrational excitation, i.e., phonon and amplitude mode, by pressure in a prototype charge density wave material, 2H-NbSe2. A complete pressure-temperature phase diagram is revisited. The anomaly in Hall and magnetoresistivity at CDW critical temperature, TCDW, was suppressed by the pressure. In the Raman spectroscopy measurements, the appearance of CDW amplitude mode is accompanied by the freezing of the two-phonon mode. The frequency of CDW amplitude mode under pressure follows modified mean-field theory with power-law scaling (& beta; = 0.18). The renormalization of the Raman phonon across the CDW transition and the mean-field temperature dependence of CDW amplitude mode emphasized the importance of electron-phonon coupling in the formation of CDW state in 2H-NbSe2. Our work clarifies the complex vibrational and electronic subsystems and sheds light on the mechanism of the charge density state in 2H-NbSe2.

The TOI-1130 is a known planetary system around a K-dwarf consisting of a gas giant planet, TOI-1130 c on an 8.4-day orbit that is accompanied by an inner Neptune-sized planet, TOI-1130 b, with an orbital period of 4.1 days. We collected precise radial velocity (RV) measurements of TOI-1130 with the HARPS and PFS spectrographs as part of our ongoing RV follow-up program. We performed a photodynamical modeling of the HARPS and PFS RVs, along with transit photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the TESS Follow-up Observing Program (TFOP). We determined the planet masses and radii of TOI-1130 b and TOI1130 c to be Mb = 19.28 +/- 0.97 M. and Rb = 3.56 +/- 0.13 R., and Mc = 325.59 +/- 5.59 M. and Rc = 13.32+1.55 -1.41 R., respectively. We have spectroscopically confirmed the existence of TOI-1130 b, which had previously only been validated. We find that the two planets have orbits with small eccentricities in a 2:1 resonant configuration. This is the first known system with a hot Jupiter and an inner lower mass planet locked in a mean-motion resonance. TOI-1130 belongs to the small, yet growing population of hot Jupiters with an inner low-mass planet that poses a challenge to the pathway scenario for hot Jupiter formation. We also detected a linear RV trend that is possibly due to the presence of an outer massive companion.

Changing patterns of precipitation are causing moisture stress in ways that alters crop growth and nutrition. Moisture stress not only directly impacts plant physiology but also indirectly affects plant growth by altering soil conditions. While the direct effects of moisture stress on growth and physiology are well studied, outcomes are often examined only as a consequence of current water stress within a single growing season, without consideration of accumulated moisture-induced changes in soil properties that accrue over many seasons (legacy effects). Moreover, our understanding of the impacts of current and legacy effects on both crop growth and nutrition are lacking. To explore these connections, the infrastructure of the Boston Area Climate Experiment (BACE) was leveraged to examine the responses of kale (Brassica oleracea), oat (Avena sativa) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to three levels of precipitation (ambient, 75 % of ambient, and 50 % of ambient) when grown in legacy soils obtained from 10 years of differential precipitation inputs (high, medium, or low water). Plant growth was measured weekly, and nutritional differences within the edible portions of each crop were assessed at the end of the season. We found that differences in current precipitation affects both growth and nutrients, while legacy effects more strongly affect bionutrient levels than plant growth.

We employed an idealizedmacro-energy systemmodel to examine how the value of unidirectionally- and bidirectionally-charging electric vehicles (EVs) varies with EV penetration and mix of electricity generators. We find that EVs can help wind and solar-based electricity generation systems to be less costly by making better use of power that would otherwise be curtailed and, potentially, by giving electricity back to the grid at times of peak net load. At low levels of EV penetration, bidirectional EVs are valuable because they can provide electricity at times of main load peak. At today's low levels of EV penetration, bidirectional EVs stimulate investments in solar and wind generation and substantially reduce the need for grid-battery storage compared to unidirectional EVs. At high levels of EV penetration, generation capacity must be increased, and most peaks in main net load demand can be met by reductions in charging by unidirectional EVs.

Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering (SAG) is one of the solar geoengineering approaches that have been proposed to offset some of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Past studies have shown that SAG may have adverse impacts on the global hydrological cycle. Using a climate model, we quantify the sensitivity of the tropical monsoon precipitation to the meridional distribution of volcanic sulfate aerosols prescribed in the stratosphere in terms of the changes in aerosol optical depth (AOD). In our experiments, large changes in summer monsoon precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions are simulated, especially over the Indian region, in association with meridional shifts in the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) caused by changes in interhemispheric AOD differences. Based on our simulations, we estimate a sensitivity of - 1.8 degrees +/- 0.0 degrees meridional shift in global mean ITCZ and a 6.9 +/- 0.4% reduction in northern hemisphere (NH) monsoon index (NHMI; summer monsoon precipitation over NH monsoon regions) per 0.1 interhemispheric AOD difference (NH minus southern hemisphere). We also quantify this sensitivity in terms of interhemispheric differences in effective radiative forcing and interhemispheric temperature differences: 3.5 +/- 0.3% change in NHMI per unit (Wm(-2)) interhemispheric radiative forcing difference and 5.9 +/- 0.4% change per unit (degrees C) interhemispheric temperature difference. Similar sensitivity estimates are also made for the Indian monsoon precipitation. The establishment of the relationship between interhemispheric AOD (or radiative forcing) differences and ITCZ shift as discussed in this paper will further facilitate and simplify our understanding of the effects of SAG on tropical monsoon rainfall.

The availability of global high-resolution land cover maps provides promising a priori knowledge for characterizing subpixel heterogeneity and improving predictions of directional reflectance of coarse-resolution pixels. Due to mutual shadowing and sheltering effects between the adjacent forest and cropland patches, the spectral nonlinear mixing of patchy ecotones is significant, especially when the sun illuminates the ecotone from the forest side with high solar zenith angle. The spectral linear mixture (SLM) approach leads to overestimation of the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) in the red band in the principal plane (PP), with a maximum absolute error (MAE) of 0.0063 and a maximum relative error (MRE) of 52.5%, and to underestimation in the near-infrared band in PP with an MAE of 0.0940 and an MRE of 14.5%. In a scenario with randomly distributed boundary orientations, the overestimation of SLM increases with the degree of fragmentation and the view zenith angle. We propose a Radiative Transfer model for patchy ECotones (RTEC). which improves R-2 from 0.61 to 0.94 in the red band of Landsat-8 directional reflectance at the validation site. The RTEC model provides an efficient and analytical approach for directional reflectance predictions over heterogeneous patchy landscapes at coarse resolution and will be used for biophysical parameter retrievals [e.g., the leaf area index (LAI)] in future applications.

Leaf optical spectra reflect the combination of leaf biochemical, morphological and physiological properties, and play an important role in many ecological and Earth system processes. Radiative transfer models are widely used to simulate leaf spectra by quantifying photon transfer processes of reflection, transmission and absorption within a plant leaf. Recent advances in spectral invariants theory offer a unique and efficient approach for modeling the canopy-scale radiative transfer processes, but remain underexplored for applications at the leaf scale. In this study, we developed a leaf-scale optical property model based on the spectrally invariant properties (leaf-SIP) of plant leaves. Similar to the canopy-scale model, the leaf-SIP model decouples leaf-scale radiative transfer process into two parts: wavelength-dependent contribution from leaf chemical components and wavelength-independent contribution from leaf structures, described by two spectrally invariant parameters (i.e., a photon recollision probability p and a scattering asymmetry parameter q). We implemented the leaf-SIP model by parameterizing p and q with a measurable leaf morphological trait, the leaf mass per area (LMA). We evaluated the performance of the leaf-SIP model with two in situ datasets (i.e., LOPEX and ANGERS) and the widely used PROSPECT leaf optical model. The results show that the leaf spectra simulated by the leaf-SIP model agreed well with in situ datasets and the simulations of the PROSPECT model, with a small root mean squared error (RMSE), bias, and high coefficients of determination (R-2) of 0.026, 0.035, 0.95 and 0.037, 0.049, 0.91 for leaf reflectance and leaf transmittance, respectively. Our results also show that the leaf-SIP model can be used with measured leaf spectra to accurately estimate several key leaf functional traits, such as the leaf chlorophyll content, equivalent water thickness, and LMA. The leaf-SIP model provides an efficient and physical way of accurately simulating leaf spectra and retrieving key leaf functional traits from hyperspectral measurements.