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Object 5 | This diagram of placental circulation captures a life's worth of research by Dr. Elizabeth Ramsey, who used X-rays and cineradiography to show that maternal blood enters the placenta in "fountain-like spurts," circulates around the fetal blood vessels, and drains back out. Notably, it was illustrated by Ranice W. Crosby, head of the Johns Hopkins Department of Art as Applied to Medicine and the first woman to direct a department at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. #Carnegie125

Object 4 | One scientist's case for bringing the rigor of the hard sciences into archaeology. #Carnegie125

Carnegie astronomer Henrietta Swope helped refine the cosmic distance scale and, through her remarkable generosity, laid the groundwork for discoveries that continue to transform astronomy today.