The decay of short-lived iodine (I) and plutonium (Pu) results in xenon (Xe) isotopic anomalies in the mantle that record Earth's earliest stages of formation(1-8). Xe isotopic anomalies have been linked to degassing during accretion(2-4), but degassing alone cannot account for the co-occurrence of Xe and tungsten (W) isotopic heterogeneity in plume-derived basalts(9,10) and their long-term preservation in the mantle. Here we describe measurements of I partitioning between liquid Fe alloys and liquid silicates at high pressure and temperature and propose that Xe isotopic anomalies found in modern plume rocks (that is, rocks with elevated He-3/He-4 ratios) result from I/Pu fractionations during early, high-pressure episodes of core formation. Our measurements demonstrate that I becomes progressively more siderophile as pressure increases, so that portions of mantle that experienced high-pressure core formation will have large I/Pu depletions not related to volatility. These portions of mantle could be the source of Xe and W anomalies observed in modern plume-derived basalts(2-4,9,10). Portions of mantle involved in early high-pressure core formation would also be rich in FeO11,12, and hence denser than ambient mantle. This would aid the long-term preservation of these mantle portions, and potentially points to their modern manifestation within seismically slow, deep mantle reservoirs(13) with high He-3/He-4 ratios.

FeO is an insulator with anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) spin ordering at ambient pressure. At increased external pressure, the Neel temperature of FeO first increases at the pressure below 40 GPa. Experiments predict that the AFM ordering will collapse above 80 GPa, but the mechanism of the high pressure magnetic collapse is still unknown. Using the combination of density functional theory and dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT), the nature of the magnetic collapse of FeO is examined and its magnetic phase diagram up to 180 GPa is discussed.

Tetracyanomethane, C(CN)(4), is a tetrahedral molecule containing a central sp(3) carbon that is coordinated by reactive nitrile groups that could potentially transform to an extended CN network with a significant fraction of sp(3) carbon. High-purity C(CN)(4) was synthesized, and its physiochemical behavior was studied using in situ synchrotron angle-dispersive powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopies in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 21 GPa. The pressure dependence of the fundamental vibrational modes associated with the molecular solid was determined, and some low-frequency Raman modes are reported for the first time. Crystalline molecular C(CN)(4) starts to polymerize above similar to 7 GPa and transforms into an interconnected disordered network, which is recoverable to ambient conditions. The results demonstrate feasibility for the pressure-induced polymerization of molecules with premeditated functionality.

The absence of low-thermal gradients in old metamorphic rocks (< 350 degrees C GPa(-1)) has been used to argue for a fundamental change in the style of plate tectonics during the Neoproterozoic Era. Here, we report data from an eclogite xenolith in Paleoproterozoic carbonatite in the North China craton that argues for cold subduction as early as 1.8 Ga. The carbonatite has a sediment-derived C isotope signature and enriched initial Sr-Nd isotope composition, indicative of ocean-crust components in the source. The eclogite records peak metamorphic pressures of 2.5-2.8 GPa at 650-670 degrees C, indicating a cold thermal gradient, 250(+/- 15)degrees C GPa(-1). Our data, combined with old low-temperature events in the West African and North American cratons, reveal a global pattern that modern-style subduction may have been established during the Paleoproterozoic Era. Paleoproterozoic carbonatites are closely associated with granulites and eclogites in orogens worldwide, playing a critical role in the Columbia supercontinent amalgamation and deep carbon cycle through time.

The rotational and translational dynamics of molecular hydrogen trapped within beta-hydroquinone clathrate (H-2@beta-HQ)-a practical example of a quantum particle trapped within an anisotropic confining potential-were investigated using inelastic neutron scattering and Raman spectroscopy. High-resolution vibrational spectra, including those collected from the VISION spectrometer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, indicate relatively strong attractive interaction between guest and host with a strikingly large splitting of rotational energy levels compared with similar guest-host systems. Unlike related molecular systems in which confined H-2 exhibits nearly free rotation, the behavior of H-2@beta-HQ is explained using a two-dimensional (2D) hindered rotor model with barrier height more than 2 times the rotational constant (-16.2 meV).

Using the dynamic compression technique, the sound velocities of Fe-11.8wt%S were measured up to 211.4 (4.5)GPa and 6,150K. Discontinuities both in shock velocity and sound velocity indicate that Fe-11.8wt%S completely melts at a pressure of 111.3 (2.3)GPa. By the energy conservation law, the calculated liquidus temperature is about 2,500 (300)K. Extrapolated to the inner-core boundary based on the Lindeman law, the liquidus temperature of Fe-11.8wt%S is 4,300 (300)K. We developed a thermodynamic model fit to the experimental data, which allows calculation of the densities and sound velocities of liquid Fe-S under core conditions. For liquid Fe-11.8wt%S and Fe-10wt%S, good agreement was achieved between the extrapolations using our model and experimental measurements at very low pressure. Under the conditions of the outer core, the densities and bulk sound velocities of Fe-10wt%S provide a good fit to observed seismic profiles of Earth's core. Our results imply that an upper limit of 10wt% S content in Earth's core satisfies the geophysical constraints. Simultaneously considering other geochemical constraints, the outer core may contain about 6wt% sulfur and 4wt% silicon.

We study Mn substitution for Ti in BaTiO3 with and without compensating oxygen vacancies using density functional theory (DFT) in combination with dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). We find strong charge and spin fluctuations. Without compensating oxygen vacancies, the ground state is found to be a quantum superposition of two distinct atomic valences, 3d(4) and 3d(5). Introducing a compensating oxygen vacancy at a neighboring site reduces both charge and spin fluctuations due to the reduction of electron hopping from Mn to its ligands. As a consequence, valence fluctuations are reduced, and the valence is closely fixed to the high spin 3d(5) state. Here we show that inclusion of charge and spin fluctuations is necessary to obtain an accurate ground state of transition metal-doped ferroelectrics.

The chemical stability of solid cubane under highpressure was examined with in situ Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 60 GPa. The Raman modes associated with solid cubane were assigned by comparing experimental data with calculations based on density functional perturbation theory, and low-frequency lattice modes are reported for the first time. The equation of state of solid cubane derived from the PXRD measurements taken during compression gives a bulk modulus of 14.5(2) GPa. In contrast with previous work and chemical intuition, PXRD and Raman data indicate that solid cubane exhibits anomalously large stability under extreme pressure, despite its immensely strained 90 degrees C-C-C bond angles.

Despite the pioneering efforts to explore the nature of carbon in carbon-bearing silicate melts under compression, experimental data for the speciation and the solubility of carbon in silicate melts above 4 GPa have not been reported. Here, we explore the speciation of carbon and pressure-induced changes in network structures of carbon-bearing silicate (Na2O-3SiO(2), NS3) and sodium aluminosilicate (NaAlSi3O8, albite) glasses quenched from melts at high pressure up to 8 GPa using multinuclear solid-state NMR. The Al-27 triple quantum (3Q) MAS NMR spectra for carbon-bearing albite melts revealed the pressure-induced increase in the topological disorder around 4 coordinated Al (Al-[4]) without forming Al-[5,Al-6]. These structural changes are similar to those in volatile-free albite melts at high pressure, indicating that the addition of CO2 in silicate melts may not induce any additional increase in the topological disorder around Al at high pressure. C-13 MAS NMR spectra for carbon-bearing albite melts show multiple carbonate species, including Si-[4](CO3)Si-[4], Si-[4](CO3)Al-[4], Al-[4](CO3)Al-[4], and free CO32-. The fraction of Si-[4](CO3)Al-[4] increases with increasing pressure, while those of other bridging carbonate species decrease, indicating that the addition of CO2 may enhance mixing of Si and Al at high pressure. A noticeable change is not observed for Si-29 NMR spectra for the carbon-bearing albite glasses with varying pressure at 1.5-6 GPa. These NMR results confirm that the densification mechanisms established for fluid-free, polymerized aluminosilicate melts can be applied to the carbon-bearing albite melts at high pressure.